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Reproductive Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

Scrotum disorders

A

Trauma
Frostbite
Scrotal dermatitis
Cutaneous neoplasms

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2
Q

Vaginal tunic disorders

A

Hydrocele
Periorchitis
Neoplasia

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3
Q

Hydrocele

A

Serous fluid between layers of vaginal tunic

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4
Q

Periorchitis

A

Extension of peritonitis into vaginal tunic

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5
Q

Neoplasia of the vaginal tunic

A

Mesothelioma
Peritoneal carcinomatosis

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6
Q

Testis/epididymis disorder : decreased size

A

Disorder of sexual development (cryptorchidism, testicular hypoplasia)

Testicular atrophy

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7
Q

Testis/epididymis disorders : increased size

A

Testicular hypertrophy (usually compensatory)
Inflammation (orchitis, epididymitis)
Neoplasia
Torsion

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8
Q

Cryptorchisim

A

Disorder of sexual development characterized by incomplete testicular descent

Often heritable

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9
Q

Potential Sequelae of cryptorchidism

A

Testicular atrophy (degeneration)
Testicular torsion
Testicular neoplasia (Sertoli cell tumor, Seminoma)

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10
Q

Testicular hypoplasia

A

Testis does not reach full size at puberty (epididymus usually also small)

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11
Q

Testicular atrophy

A

Testis decreases in size after puberty (degeneration)

Epididymus usually normal size
Recovery possible if germ cells remain

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12
Q

Spermatic granulomas

A

Seminiferous tubule disruption /duct rupture —> free spermatozoa in interstitium —> recognized as foreign —> granulomatous inflammation

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13
Q

Epididymitis

A

Usually infectious cause (mostly ascending, often unilateral)

Possible Sequelae: testicular atrophy (degeneration), adhesions between vaginal tunics

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14
Q

Orchitis

A

Inflammation of testis (less common than epididymitis, often present together)

Usually hematogenous route (by infectious agent)

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15
Q

Testicular neoplasia

A

Germ cell tumors: seminoma, teratoma

Sex cord-stromal tumors: interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor, Sertoli cell tumor

Mixed tumors

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16
Q

Seminoma

A

Most common testicular neoplasm in stallion, second most common in dog

Gross: white, soft, bulging

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17
Q

Interstitial cell tumor (males)

A

Most common testicular neoplasm in bull, dog, cat

May produce hormones

Gross: yellow, soft, +/- hemorrhage

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18
Q

Sertoli cell tumor

A

3rd most common testicular neoplasm in dog, rare in others
May produce hormones

Gross: white, firm, lobulated

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19
Q

Varicocele

A

Dilation/tortuosity of veins of pampiniform plexus +/- thrombosis

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20
Q

Spermatic cord torsion

A

Twisting of spermatic cord, usually in retained testes

Causes venous infarct of testes

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21
Q

Funiculitis

A

Inflammation of spermatic cord

Caused by contamination of castration wound

“Scirrhous cord”

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22
Q

Canine prostate disorders : decreased size

A

Prostatic atrophy

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23
Q

Canine prostate disorders : increased size

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostatic/paraprostatic cysts + pseudocysts
Prostatitis (hematogenous or ascending infection)
Neoplasia (prostatic epithelial or urothelial carcinoma)

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24
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Develops spontaneously with age, not in castrated dogs

Gross: symmetrically enlarged prostate

Hormone related: estrogen + testosterone working in concert

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25
Possible Sequelae of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Obstipation (usually rather than urethral obstruction) NOT a preneoplastic leasion
26
Phimosis
Inability to extrude penis
27
Paraphimosis
Inability to retract penis into prepuce
28
Priapism
Persistent erection
29
Persistent penile frenulum
Disorder of sexual development Band of tissue between ventral raphe of penis and prepuce (normally separates at puberty) Ventral curvature of penis may prevent intromission
30
Phallitis
Inflammation of penis
31
Balanitis
Inflammation of glans of penis
32
Posthitis
Inflammation of prepuce
33
Balanoposthitis
Inflammation of penis and prepuce
34
Ovine posthitis
Pizzle rot Caused by: Corynebacterium renale (urease-producing bacterium) Pathogenesis: high protein diet —> high urea concentration in urine —> bacteria convert urea to NH3 —> ulceration near preputial orifice
35
Potential Sequelae of Pizzle rot
Scarring and phimosis Obstruction —> fatal urine retention
36
Equine penile habronemiasis
Caused by aberrant migration of Habronema muscle larvae (deposited by infected flies on penis/prepuce) Gross: ulcerated exophytic mass
37
Penile/preputial neoplasias
Transmissible venereal tumor (dog) Squamous cell carcinoma (dog, horse, bull) Papilloma, fibropapilloma (dog, horse, bull) Sarcoidosis (horse)
38
Penile/preputial neoplasias of dogs
Transmissible venereal tumor Squamous cell carcinoma Papilloma, fibropapilloma
39
Penile/preputial neoplasia of horses
Squamous cell carcinoma Papilloma, fibropapilloma Sarcoid
40
Penile/preputial neoplasia of bulls
Squamous cell carcinoma Papilloma, fibropapilloma
41
Canine transmissible venereal tumor
Both males a females affected Single or multiple nodules on external genitalia Histo: large round cells, lightly staining, peripheral vacuoles May spontaneously regress
42
Equine penile squamous cell carcinoma
Associated with Equine papillomavirus-2
43
Bovine penile fibropapilloma
Caused by bovine papillomavirus-1 Similar appearance to equine sarcoid
44
Equine sarcoid
Neoplasm associated with bovine papillomavirus-1/2 in horses
45
Disorders of sexual development in females
Alteration of anticipated genital appearance or phenotype Failed or altered development of gonads/internal tubular genitalia Cystic remnants
46
Freemartinism
Anastomosis of placental vessels between M/F twins —> hematopoietic chimeras AMH/testosterone from male fetus induces male-like structures in female
47
Ovarian disorders
Intraovarian cysts (follicular cysts or remnants of embryonal structures) Extraovarian cysts (usually remnants of embryonal structures)
48
Ovarian neoplasia
Germ cell: dysgerminoma (analogous to seminoma), teratoma Sex cord-stromal: granulosa cell tumor (analogous to Sertoli cell tumor), thecoma, luteoma Epithelial: adenoma, adenocarcinoma
49
Teratoma
Tumor from totipotent primordial germ cells Derivatives of at least 2 of 3 embryonic germ layers
50
Granulosa cell tumor
Most common ovarian neoplasm in LA Most produce hormones (AMH, estrogens, androgens, and/or inhibin) Firm, tan, multiloculated; atrophy of contralateral ovary
51
Hydrosalpinx
Fluid-filled uterine tube Obstruction prevents normal fluid from exiting (congenital or acquired)
52
Salpingitis
Inflammation of uterine tube Typically due to ascending bacterial infection
53
Pyosalpinx
Accumulation of pus in uterine tube (Suppurative inflammation + obstructed outflow)
54
Hydrometra
Accumulation of serous fluid in uterine lumen
55
Mucometra
Accumulation of mucus in uterine lumen
56
Non-inflammatory uterine disorders
Torsion Rupture Prolapse Uterine artery rupture
57
Endometrial hyperplasia
Important in sheep, dogs, cats Rare in horses Two types: pseudoplacentatational / segmental (resembles placental implantation sites), generalized Not preneoplastic but may predispose to infection
58
Portals of entry to female reproductive tract
Ascending infection (most common in mares) Hematogenous infection Descending from ovary Direct penetration Transaxonal infection
59
Uterine inflammation route of entry
Ascending infection when cervix is open Hematogenous when cervix is closed
60
Endometritis
Inflammation of endometrium
61
Metritis
Inflammation of all layers of uterine wall (more severe than endometritis)
62
Pyometra
Infection with accumulation of pus in uterine lumen (sequela to endometritis or metritis)
63
Sequelae of uterine inflammation
Septicemia Endotoxemia Uterine rupture/septic peritonitis +/- death
64
Sequelae of retained fetal membranes in large animals
Contaminant bacteria —> uterine inflammation
65
____ is often found in conjunction with canine pyometra
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
66
Canine pyometra typically occurs…
A few weeks after estrus (Requires normal influence of CL)
67
Pathogenesis of canine pyometra
Prolonged progesterone elevation in luteal phase —> increased endometrial sensitivity to irritation —> cystic endometrial hyperplasia —> accumulation of endometrial secretions providing environment for bacterial proliferation —> Suppurative inflammation
68
Uterine neoplasisas
Lymphosarcoma Leiomyoma Uterine (endometrial) carcinoma
69
Neoplasm associated with BLV
Lymphosarcoma in cows
70
Leiomyoma
benign smooth muscle tumor Often multiple Uterus, cervix, vagina
71
Metastatic uterine neoplasia
Uterine (endometrial) carcinoma Can metastasize to regional lymph nodes/lungs; carcinomatosis
72
Disorders of vagina/vulva
Vulvar swelling - normal during estrus, occurs with hyperestrogenism Vaginal polyps - common in older intact bitches, often solidity; need Histo to distinguish from leiomyoma; BENIGN (excision usually curative)
73
Vaginal/vulvar neoplasia
Squamous cell carcinoma (most common - cow, ewe, mare); UV light exposure; can metastasize Vaginal leiomyoma (common in dogs, use histo to distinguish from polyp) Canine transmissible venereal tumor
74
Vaginitis/vulvitis
Inflammation; often due to Dystocia or trauma with secondary infection
75
Equine coital exanthema
Vesicles/erosions of external genitalia in mares/stallions Equine herpesvirus-3 Venereal spread
76
Bovine infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
Caused by bovine herpesvirus-1 Transmitted by coitus, artificial insemination +/- nose to vulva contact Characterized by hyperemia/edema —> petechial hemorrhages + erosions/ulcers
77
Supernumerary teats
Incidental finding (extra teats on mammary glands)
78
Mammary gland disorders
Galactostasis Galactorrhea Agalactia
79
Galactostasis
Milk retention - failure of milk letdown
80
Galactorrhea
Inappropriate lactation / precocious lactation
81
Agalactia
Failure of milk production
82
Portals of entry of infection to mammary gland
Ascending Systemic infection + localization Direct penetration
83
Mastitis
Inflammation of mammary gland Usually begins as galactophoritis Contagious
84
Galactophoritis
Inflammation of mammary/lactiferous ducts
85
Causes of mammary gland enlargement
Cystic dilation of mammary ducts Mammary gland hyperplasia Neoplasia
86
Canine mammary neoplasia
Highest incidence among domestic species Most benign, often multiple Increased susceptibility with age/hormonal exposure Can progress from hyperplasia —> dysplasia —> neoplasia
87
Feline mammary neoplasia
3rd most common neoplasm in cats (1=LSA, 2=SCC) Most malignant, rapid growth (often proceed quickly to death); usually single + near nipple Can progress from hyperplasia —> adenoma —> carcinoma Metastasize to lymph nodes/lungs, other mammary glands
88
Large animal mammary neoplasia
Relatively uncommon Seldom metastasize
89
Incidental placental findings
Amniotic plaques Hippo mane Yolk sac remnant Adventitial placentation Mineralization Amorphous globosus
90
Amniotic plaques
Small raised plaques of squamous epithelium on amnion (incidental, all species)
91
Hippomane
Rubbery aggregate of allantoic precipitates in allantoic cavity (esp. seen in horses)
92
Yolk sac remnant
Cystic structure on allantoic portion of umbilical cord near chorioanllantois (often mineralized) - esp in horses
93
Amorphous globosus
Anomalous second fetus (acardiac monster), rare (usually bovine)
94
Adventitial placentation
Formation of additional placentomes (esp in cows); some normal, excess suggests inadequacy of existing placentome surface area
95
Embryonic death
Pregancy failure <35-45d in LA, <20d in dogs/cats Outcomes: return to estrus, or delayed return to estrus
96
Fetal death
Abortion - expulsion of fetus before would be independently viable Stillbirth - delivery within period of expected viability
97
Fetal loss with Autolysis
Decay of fetus before expulsion (Destruction of cells/tissues by their own enzymes)
98
Fetal mummification
Retained fetus dehydrates Firm dry mass with leathery skin Infections + non-infectious causes Cervix must be CLOSED
99
Fetal maceration
Retained fetus liquefies Requires bacteria in uterus Endometritis/pyometra also present Fetal bones resist maceration
100
Fetal meconium staining
Indicator of fetal hypoxia
101
Causes of pregnancy failure
Diagnostic rate <50% Non-infections: difficult to dianose Infectious: majority of known causes ease to diagnose
102
Non-infectious causes of abortion in horses
Umbilical cord torsion Premature placental separation Placental insufficiency
103
Umbilical cord torsion
Cord usually longer than normal, excessively twisted Cord Edematous + hemorrhagic
104
Premature placental separation
“Red bag” delivery Separation occurs around time of parturition —> fetal hypoxia Exposed chorion is bright red, cervical star intact
105
Placental insufficiency
Endometrial fibrosis due to previous endometritis Twinning - chorionic villi do not develop over contact are between two placentas
106
Veratrum californicum
Ingestion by ewe ~14 d of gestation —> prolonged gestation and fetal anomalies Teratogenic steroid alkaloids inhibit neural tube development
107
Infectious causes of abortion
Viral Bacterial Protozoal Fungal
108
Zoonotic causes of pregnancy failure
Brucella spp Chlamydia abortus Coxiella burnetti (Bacterial causes of abortion)
109
Lesions associate with Campylobacter spp
Multifocal targetoid (bullseye-like) lesions on fetal liver
110
Unique neonatal features
Pale pink-tan skeletal muscle Predominantly brown fat along the back Thymus takes up most of cranial mediastinum Thin renal cortex (still developing kidney) Soft/mushy brain Incomplete ossification of bone Sometimes eyes/ears still closed

Pathology (21 decks)

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