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Musculoskeletal Anatomy > Eyes and Ears > Flashcards

Eyes and Ears Flashcards

1
Q

The fibrous coat of the eye is also called the _____?

A

Sclera

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2
Q

What structure is responsible for the majority of light refraction?

A

The cornea

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3
Q

Where does the cornea draw it’s nutrients from?

A

The aqueous humor by diffusion

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4
Q

What is the external portion of the cornea called?

A

The conjunctiva

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the conjunctiva?

A

Along with the lacrimal gland, produce a fluid that bathes the anterior surface of the eye and keeps it nourished and moist

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6
Q

What is the layer of numerous anastomosing blood vessels called?

A

The choroid layer

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7
Q

What’s the structure that controls the refraction of light from the lens?

A

The ciliary body

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8
Q

What are the two muscles that control pupil size? What are their actions and innervations?

A

The sphincter pupillae - constricts, parasympathetically innervated
The dilator pupillae - dilates, sympathetically innervated

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9
Q

What structure accounts for two thirds of the eye’s optical (refractory) power?

A

The cornea

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10
Q

What nerve innervates the cornea?

A

CN V

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11
Q

What are the three main components of the cornea?

A

Epithelium, collagen, and endothelium

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12
Q

The lens is composed of _____?

A

Stiff, elongated prismatic cells known as lens fibres

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13
Q

The lens has less optical power than the cornea, but is superior how?

A

It is adjustable by the ciliary muscles

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14
Q

What is the condition associated with age and far-sightedness?

A

Presbyopia

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15
Q

What fluid is the anterior chamber filled with, and where is it produced?

A

It is filled with the aqueous humor and is produced by the ciliary body

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16
Q

Where is the aqueous humor of the anterior chamber drained?

A

The canal of Schlemm

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17
Q

What happens in glaucoma?

A

Increased pressure in the anterior chamber transfers pressure back to the optic nerve and results in damage to the optic nerve and blindness

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18
Q

The nervous coat of the eyeball is called the?

A

Retina

19
Q

What are the two photosensitive cells of the eye and what do they detect?

A

Rods - more sensitive to light, do not respond to red light

Cones - detect colors (red, blue, green)

20
Q

What is the protein required for rod and cone function and what vitamin is it a metabolite of?

A

Retinal - Vitamin A

21
Q

Why should the optic nerve be called a tract?

A

The meninges surround the nerve up to the sclera, the subarachnoid space is filled with CSF, and the ganglion cells of the retina are myelinated by oligodendrocytes and fed by astrocytes

22
Q

Papilledema is a condition of??

A

Increased CSF limiting venous return from retina and causes edema under optic disc. Visible by blurred disc margins where the optic disc is raised.

23
Q

What is the function and composition of the vitreous body?

A

It functions to support the retina and applying pressure against the shape of the globe. It is composed of hyaluronic acid and type II collagen fibrils

24
Q

The hyaloid canal is a vestige of what embryonic structure?

A

The hyaloid artery

25
Q

What is the pathway of nerve impulses from the retina?

A

The optic nerve to the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus to optic radiations to the primary visual cortex

26
Q

What muscle(s) does the abducens nerve (CN VI) innervate and what is/are their action(s)?

A

Lateral rectus - abducts the eye

27
Q

What muscle(s) does the trochlear nerve (CN IV) innervate and what is/are their action(s)?

A

Superior oblique - internally rotates, depresses and abducts

28
Q

What muscle(s) does the oculomotor nerve (CN III) innervate and what is/are their action(s)?

A

Inferior oblique - externally rotates, raises and adducts
Medial rectus - internally rotates
Inferior rectus - depresses

29
Q

What is the name for the ear canal?

A

The auditory meatus

30
Q

What is the function of cerumen?

A

To protect the ear from irritation and infection

31
Q

What is the pathway from the tympanic membrane to the oval window?

A

Tympanic membrane –> malleus –> incus –> stapes –> oval window

32
Q

What kind of joints are in the middle ear?

A

Synovial joints

33
Q

What muscles contract to reduce the movement of the ossicles in order to protect the ear from excessive noise?

A

Tensor tympani - malleus

Stapedius - stapes

34
Q

What are the three parts of the inner ear?

A

The cochlea, the vestibule, and the semicircular canals

35
Q

Movement of the stapes at the oval window moves the perilymph of?

A

The scala vestibuli

36
Q

The movement of the perilymph in the scala vestibuli vibrates what?

A

The endolymph in the scala media, the basilar membrane, and the Organ of Corti

37
Q

What organ translates the movement of hair cells to electrical impulses?

A

The Organ of Corti

38
Q

Describe the auditory pathway.

A

The cochlear division transmits nerves to it’s nucleus then to the superior olivary nucleus. This information ascends to the inferior colliculus then goes to the thalamus (which allows us to localize sound). From the thalamus, this info is sent to the primary auditory cortex located in the temporal lobe

39
Q

What systems keep us in balance?

A

The vestibular system, the visual system, and pressure/proprioceptors

40
Q

What are the parts of the vestibule?

A

The saccule, the utricle, and the 3 semicircular canals

41
Q

What are the hair structures that transmit information on movement?

A

The otoliths - which are composed of calcium carbonate

42
Q

What structure is at the base of each semicircular canal?

A

The ampulla, which contains the hair cells responsible for nerve transmission

43
Q

What is BPPV?

A

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo - a condition in which the patient is overcome by a sudden sensation of spinning

44
Q

How is BPPV diagnosed and treated?

A

It is diagnosed with the Dix-Hallpike manuever (the roll test) and treated with the Epley or Semont Manuever

Musculoskeletal Anatomy (4 decks)

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