F3-TOXICOLOGY Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
Which field investigates the effects of substances harmful to living organisms
A
Toxicology
2
Q
Which discipline explains how toxins produce effects at the cellular and molecular level
A
Mechanistic toxicology
3
Q
Which approach predicts human risk from animal experiments
A
Descriptive toxicology
4
Q
Which process uses animal data to estimate safe exposure levels in humans
A
Risk assessment
5
Q
Which branch uses combined data to set safety standards for public health
A
Regulatory toxicology
6
Q
Which specialty focuses on legal aspects of chemical or drug exposure
A
Forensic toxicology
7
Q
Which forensic focus ensures analytic methods are valid for legal evidence
A
Forensic toxicology focus
8
Q
Which area studies the relationship between foreign chemicals and disease
A
Clinical toxicology
9
Q
Which clinical emphasis covers both diagnosis and treatment
A
Clinical toxicology focus
10
Q
Which field assesses impact of environmental chemicals on health
A
Environmental toxicology
11
Q
Which agents are external chemicals with adverse effects on organisms
A
Xenobiotics
12
Q
Which substances harm animals plants minerals or gases
A
Poisons
13
Q
Which substances are produced biologically in cells or microorganisms
A
Toxins
14
Q
Which exposure route involves taking substances into the mouth
A
Ingestion
15
Q
Which exposure route involves breathing substances into the lungs
A
Inhalation
16
Q
Which exposure route involves absorption through the skin
A
Transdermal absorption
17
Q
Which factors affect how well toxins are absorbed into the body
A
pH + Rate of dissolution + Gastric motility + Resistance to degradation + Interaction with other substances
18
Q
Which effects are seen when toxins act locally in the intestinal tract
A
Diarrhea + Bleeding + Malabsorption of nutrients
19
Q
Which concept relates the amount of a toxin to its biological effect
A
Dose-response relationship
20
Q
Which dose is expected to benefit half the population
A
Effective dose fifty
21
Q
Which dose is expected to cause toxicity in half the population
A
Toxic dose fifty
22
Q
Which dose is expected to be lethal in half the population
A
Lethal dose fifty
23
Q
Which toxicity rating is given to substances with lethal oral dose below five milligrams per kilogram
A
Super toxic
24
Q
Which toxicity rating is given to substances with lethal oral dose between five and fifty milligrams per kilogram
A
Extremely toxic
25
Which toxicity rating is given to substances with lethal oral dose between fifty and five hundred milligrams per kilogram
Very toxic
26
Which toxicity rating is given to substances with lethal oral dose between zero point five and five grams per kilogram
Moderately toxic
27
Which toxicity rating is given to substances with lethal oral dose between five and fifteen grams per kilogram
Slightly toxic
28
Which toxicity rating is given to substances with lethal oral dose above fifteen grams per kilogram
Practically non toxic
29
Which terms relate exposure duration and frequency to a drug
Acute toxicity + Chronic toxicity
30
Which type of toxicity results from a single short-term exposure
Acute toxicity
31
Which type of toxicity results from repeated exposure over more than three months
Chronic toxicity
32
Which type of toxicity causes immediate effects from a single dose
Acute toxicity
33
Which type of toxicity is related to accumulation of a substance over time
Chronic toxicity
34
Which specimens are commonly used for toxic agent analysis
Urine twenty-four hour collection + Blood
35
Which special tubes are used for metal analysis in blood
Trace element-free royal blue tubes
36
Why should tubes be capped during specimen collection
To avoid loss of toxic agents by volatilization and metabolism
37
Which test is a rapid qualitative procedure to detect specific substances
Screening test
38
Which test is used to confirm a positive screening result
Confirmatory test
39
Which analytic method is used to screen for drugs
Immunoassays
40
Which method detects drugs and organic compounds using thin-layer separation
Thin-layer chromatography
41
Which method is widely used for qualitative and quantitative determination of volatile substances
Gas chromatography
42
Which method is the reference for quantitation of most organic compounds
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
43
Which methods are used for inorganic compound analysis
Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry + Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
44
Which general effects are seen with alcohol toxicity
Disorientation + Confusion + Euphoria + Unconsciousness + Paralysis + Death
45
Which enzymes are involved in alcohol biotransformation
Alcohol dehydrogenase + Aldehyde dehydrogenase
46
Which specific effects are seen with ethanol toxicity
Diminution of judgment + Impaired motor performance +
[PREGNANCY]
Fetal alcohol syndrome
[CHRONIC]
Alcoholic fatty liver + Alcoholic hepatitis + Alcoholic cirrhosis
47
Which pathologic effects are linked to acetaldehyde adducts
Liver damage from ethanol
48
Which alcohol is a common solvent and component of commercial products
Methanol
49
Which metabolites are produced from methanol
Formaldehyde + Formic acid
50
Which severe effects result from methanol toxicity
Severe acidosis + Blindness + Death
51
Which alcohol is known as rubbing alcohol
Isopropanol
52
Which metabolite is produced from isopropanol
Acetone
53
Which effects are seen with isopropanol toxicity
Central nervous system depression + Impaired mental judgment + Impaired motor performance
54
Which alcohol is a component of antifreeze and hydraulic fluid
Ethylene glycol
55
Which metabolites are produced from ethylene glycol
Oxalic acid + Glycolic acid
56
Which effects result from ethylene glycol toxicity
Severe metabolic acidosis + Calcium oxalate crystal deposition in renal tubules + Renal tubular damage
57
Which specimens are used for forensic alcohol analysis
Serum + Plasma + Whole blood
58
Which skin disinfectants should be used for alcohol specimen collection
Benzalkonium chloride + Povidone iodine
59
How should alcohol specimens be stored
Capped + Refrigerated or at room temperature for up to fourteen days with sodium fluoride
60
How much does serum osmolality increase per sixty milligrams per deciliter of ethanol
About ten milliosmoles per kilogram
61
Which method is the reference for alcohol quantitation
Gas chromatography
62
How is serum or blood prepared for gas chromatography [alcohol]
Diluted with saturated sodium chloride in a closed container
63
Which enzymatic method is used for ethanol determination
Alcohol dehydrogenase with spectrophotometric measurement of NADH at three hundred forty nanometers
64
Which alcohols yield negative or low results in enzymatic ethanol tests
Methanol + Isopropanol
65
Why do methanol and isopropanol yield negative results in enzymatic ethanol tests
Alcohol dehydrogenase is specific to ethanol
66
Which carboxyhemoglobin level is typical in nonsmokers
0.5 percent
67
Which carboxyhemoglobin range is seen in smokers
5 to 15 percent
68
Which carboxyhemoglobin level causes shortness of breath with vigorous exercise
10 percent
69
Which carboxyhemoglobin level causes shortness of breath with moderate exercise
20 percent
70
Which carboxyhemoglobin level causes severe headaches fatigue and impaired judgment
30 percent
71
Which carboxyhemoglobin level causes confusion and fainting on exertion
40 to 50 percent
72
Which carboxyhemoglobin level causes unconsciousness respiratory failure and death with continuous exposure
60 to 70 percent
73
Which carboxyhemoglobin level is immediately fatal
80 percent
74
Which gas is produced by incomplete combustion of carbon containing substances
Carbon monoxide
75
Which sources are primary environmental contributors of carbon monoxide
Gasoline engines + Improperly vented furnaces + Wood or plastic fires
76
Which gas is colorless odorless tasteless and rapidly absorbed from inspired air
Carbon monoxide
77
Which compound forms when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin
Carboxyhemoglobin
78
Which gas has 200 to 225 times greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen
Carbon monoxide
79
Which effect is caused by competition between oxygen and carbon monoxide for hemoglobin binding
Hypoxia
80
Which spot test detects carboxyhemoglobin with a cherry red appearance and pink solution
Sodium hydroxide spot test
81
Which carboxyhemoglobin level gives a positive spot test result
20 percent or higher
82
Which reference method is used for carboxyhemoglobin measurement
Gas chromatography
83
Which method detects different forms of hemoglobin by their spectral absorbance
Spectrophotometry
84
Which therapy is used for carbon monoxide poisoning
100 percent oxygen therapy
85
Which substances cause direct tissue injury upon exposure
Caustic agents
86
Which routes expose individuals to caustic agents
Aspiration + Ingestion
87
Which complications are associated with aspiration of caustic agents
Pulmonary edema + Shock + Death
88
Which complications are associated with ingestion of caustic agents
Lacerations + Ulcerations in gastrointestinal tract or esophagus
89
Which corrective therapy is used for ingestion of caustic agents
Dilution
90
Which supertoxic substance is a common suicide agent and used in industry and rodenticides
Cyanide
91
Which routes can cyanide enter the body
Inhalation + Ingestion + Transdermal absorption
92
Which mechanism causes cyanide toxicity
Binding to heme iron
93
Which symptoms are caused by cyanide exposure
Headaches + Dizziness + Respiratory depression + Seizure + Coma + Death
94
Which form is cyanide converted to for renal elimination
Thiocyanate
95
Which methods are used to detect cyanide
Ion selective electrodes + Photometric analysis
96
Which test is used for chronic low level cyanide exposure
Urinary thiocyanate concentration
97
Which exposures are associated with arsenic
Environmental + Occupational + Suicide + Homicide
98
Which forms of arsenic are less harmful and found in seafood
Organic forms arsenobetaine + Arsenocholine
99
Which forms of arsenic are trivalent and pentavalent
Inorganic forms
100
Which form of arsenic is arsine trioxide
Arsine gas
101
Which specimen is preferred for arsenic exposure within previous weeks
Urine
102
Which specimen shows arsenic exposure after two weeks
Hair + Fingernails
103
Which sign is observed in fingernails after arsenic exposure
Mees lines
104
Which organ is primarily responsible for arsenic elimination,
Kidney by renal filtration
105
Which fraction of arsenic is eliminated by renal filtration,
Free fraction
106
What percentage of inorganic arsenic is secreted in urine,
70 percent
107
Which disease is caused by cadmium contaminated rice
Itai itai disease
108
Which symptoms are caused by cadmium toxicity
Renal tubular dysfunction + Parathyroid dysfunction + Vitamin D deficiency + Osteomalacia + Osteoporosis
109
Which methods are used for cadmium detection
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry using whole blood or urine
110
Byproduct or component of many industrial processes
Lead
111
Which sources are associated with lead exposure
Paints + Lead pipes + Gasoline + Construction materials
112
Lead Exposure
ingestion of contaminated food
○ Adults – absorb 5% of 15% ingested lead
○ Children/infants – 30%-40%
113
Which tissues have the highest lead distribution
○ Bone (highest; half-life is > 20 years)
○ Soft tissue (half-life is 120 days)
114
Which symptoms are seen in acute lead toxicity
Abdominal pain + Neurologic effects + Encephalopathy
115
Which symptoms are seen in severe lead poisoning
Stupor + Convulsions + Coma + Hypertension + Carcinogenesis + Birth defects + Compromised immunity + Renal effects
116
Which enzymes are inhibited by lead in heme synthesis
Porphobilinogen synthase + Heme synthase + Coproporphyrinogen oxidase
117
Which laboratory findings are associated with lead poisoning
Basophilic stippling + Elevated red cell protoporphyrin + Increased urinary aminolevulinic acid
118
Which treatments are used for lead poisoning
Removal from exposure + Chelators ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid + Dimercaptosuccinic acid
119
Which methods are used for lead detection
Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry + Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
120
Which forms of mercury exist
Elemental + Inorganic + Organic
121
Which symptoms are associated with inorganic mercury ingestion
Acute gastrointestinal disturbances + Severe bloody diarrhea + Shock + Death + Renal dysfunction
122
Which symptoms are associated with organic mercury
Renal effect + Neurologic symptoms
123
Which methods are used for mercury detection
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry using whole blood or urine
124
Which substances are intentionally added to the environment to kill or harm undesirable life forms
Pesticides
125
Which pesticide type is most prevalent
Insecticides
126
Which pesticide class accounts for about one third of all pesticide poisonings
Organophosphates
127
Which routes expose individuals to pesticides
Ingestion of contaminated food + Inhalation + Transdermal absorption
128
Which enzymes do organophosphates and carbamates inhibit
Acetylcholinesterase + Pseudocholinesterase
129
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for stimulation of muscle cells and several glands
Acetylcholine
130
Which enzyme terminates the actions of acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
131
Which symptoms occur with low level organophosphate exposure
Salivation + Lacrimation + Involuntary urination and defecation
132
Which symptoms occur with high level organophosphate exposure
Bradycardia + Muscular twitching + Cramps + Apathy + Slurred speech + Behavioral changes
133
Which method is a sensitive and specific indicator for organophosphate exposure
Red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity
134
Which method is used for serum enzyme activity in organophosphate exposure
Serum pseudocholinesterase activity
135
At what percent reduction in pseudocholinesterase activity do symptoms of organophosphate toxicity usually occur
40 percent
136
Which drug is the main example of salicylates
Aspirin acetylsalicylic acid
137
Which effects are associated with salicylate overdose
Metabolic acidosis + Hyperventilation + Respiratory alkalosis + Inhibition of Krebs cycle + Excess lactate and ketone body formation
138
Which treatment is used for salicylate overdose
Neutralizing and eliminating excess acid + Maintaining electrolyte balance
139
Which sample is used for salicylate testing
Serum
140
Which methods are used for salicylate detection
Gas chromatography + Liquid chromatography + Trinder reaction
141
Which reaction forms a colored complex with salicylate for spectrophotometric measurement
Trinder reaction
142
Which commonly used analgesic can cause hepatotoxicity in overdose
Acetaminophen
143
How long after ingestion does hepatocyte damage from acetaminophen typically begin
3–5 days
144
Which sample is used for acetaminophen testing
Serum
145
Which method is most common for acetaminophen detection
Immunoassay
146
Which method is the reference for acetaminophen detection
High-performance liquid chromatography
147
Which reasons prompt testing for drugs of abuse
Identify agent for appropriate treatment + Identify abuse for addiction treatment
148
Which urine parameters must be measured to detect adulteration
Urinary temperature + pH + Specific gravity + Creatinine
149
Which process requires detailed documentation from collection to result release
Chain of custody
150
Which method is used for drug of abuse screening
Spot test
151
Which method is used for drug of abuse confirmation
Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy
152
Which drugs are included in the amphetamines group
Amphetamine + Methamphetamine
153
Which conditions are treated with amphetamines
Narcolepsy + Attention deficit disorder
154
Which effects are produced by amphetamines
Increased mental and physical capacity and well-being + Restlessness + Irritability + Psychosis
155
Which symptoms occur with amphetamine overdose
Hypertension + Cardiac arrhythmias + Convulsions + Death
156
Which drugs are chemically related to amphetamines
Ephedrine + Pseudoephedrine + Phenylpropanolamine
157
Which routes are used for MDMA administration
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA) / Ecstasy
Oral + Inhalation + Injection + Smoking
158
How long does it take for MDMA effects to begin
30 to 60 minutes
159
How long do MDMA effects last
About 3.5 hours
160
Which effects are desired from MDMA
Hallucinations + Euphoria + Empathic and emotional responses + Increased visual and tactile sensitivity
161
Which adverse effects are associated with MDMA
Headaches + Nausea + Vomiting + Anxiety + Agitation + Impaired memory + Violent behavior + Tachycardia + Hypertension + Respiratory depression + Seizures + Hyperthermia + Cardiac toxicity + Liver toxicity + Renal failure
162
Which group of compounds are chemically related to testosterone
Anabolic steroids
163
Which condition was anabolic steroid therapy originally developed for
Male hypogonadism
164
Which effects do anabolic steroids have
Increase muscle mass + Improve athletic performance
165
Which toxic effects are associated with anabolic steroids
Toxic hepatitis + Accelerated atherosclerosis + Abnormal platelet aggregation + Stroke + Myocardial infarction + Enlargement of heart + Ischemia + Cardiac arrhythmias + Sudden death + Testicular atrophy + Sterility + Impotence in males + Masculine traits + Breast reduction + Sterility in females
166
Which psychoactive compounds are found in marijuana
Cannabinoids
167
Which cannabinoid is most potent and abundant in marijuana
Tetrahydrocannabinol
168
Which routes are used for marijuana or hashish administration
Smoked + Ingested
169
Which effects are produced by cannabinoids
Sense of well-being + Euphoria + Impairment of short-term memory and intellectual function
170
What is the half-life of THC after a single use
1 day
171
What is the half-life of THC in chronic or heavy consumers
3–5 days
172
Which metabolite is detected in urine after marijuana use
11-nor-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid
173
How long is THC-COOH detected in urine after a single use
3–5 days
174
How long is THC-COOH detected in urine in chronic users
Up to 4 days
175
Which immunoassay is the basis of the screening test for marijuana consumption
Immunoassay for THC-COOH
176
Which drug is an effective local anesthetic and potent CNS stimulator at higher concentrations
Cocaine
177
Which routes are used for cocaine administration
Inhalation + Intravenous injection + Smoked as crack
178
What is the half-life of cocaine
0.5–1 hour
179
Which effects are associated with cocaine toxicity
Hypertension + Arrhythmia + Seizure + Myocardial infarction
180
Which metabolite is the primary product of hepatic metabolism of cocaine
Benzoylecgonine
181
How is benzoylecgonine primarily eliminated
Urine
182
What is the half-life of benzoylecgonine
4–7 hours
183
How long can cocaine be detected in urine after a single use
Up to 3 days
184
How long can cocaine be detected in urine in chronic users
Up to 20 days
185
Which immunoassay is the basis of the screening test for cocaine consumption
Immunoassay for benzoylecgonine
186
Which sample is used for cocaine screening
Urine
187
Which class of substances is capable of analgesia sedation and anesthesia with high abuse potential
Opiates
188
Which plant are opiates derived from
Opium poppy
189
Which substances are naturally occurring opiates
Opium + Morphine + Codeine
190
Which substances are chemically modified forms of opiates
Heroin + Hydromorphone + Oxycodone
191
Which drugs are common synthetic opiates
Meperidine + Methadone + Propoxyphene + Pentazocine + Fentanyl
192
Which toxic effects are associated with opiate overdose
Respiratory acidosis + Myoglobinuria + Cardiac damage + Death by cardiopulmonary failure
193
Which treatment is used for opiate overdose
Naloxone
194
Which illicit drug has stimulant depressant anesthetic and hallucinogenic properties
Phencyclidine
195
Which routes are used for phencyclidine exposure
Ingestion + Inhalation
196
Which adverse effects are associated with phencyclidine
Agitation + Hostility + Paranoia
197
Which toxic effects are associated with phencyclidine
Stupor + Coma
198
Which class of drugs are tranquilizers and central nervous system depressants
Sedative-hypnotics
199
Which types of sedative-hypnotics are most commonly abused
Barbiturates + Benzodiazepines
200
Which drugs are examples of barbiturates
Secobarbital + Pentobarbital + Phenobarbital
201
Which drugs are examples of benzodiazepines
Diazepam + Chlordiazepoxide + Lorazepam
202
Which toxic effects are associated with sedative-hypnotic overdose
Lethargy + Slurred speech + Coma + Respiratory depression + Hypotension
203
What percentage of secreted inorganic arsenic is transformed into organic form
50 percent
204
Which symptoms are associated with low-level arsenic exposure
Fever + Anorexia + Gastrointestinal distress
205
Which effects are associated with high-level arsenic exposure
Nervous system damage + Renal effects + Hematopoietic effects + Vascular diseases + Death
206
Which method is most commonly used for arsenic detection
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
207
How long is arsenic detectable in blood
Only a few hours
208
How long is arsenic detectable in urine
Within 6 days
209
Which specimen is preferred for recent arsenic exposure
Urine
210
How long after exposure can arsenic be detected in hair and fingernails
2 weeks
211
Which sign is observed in fingernails after arsenic exposure
Mees lines
212
Which metal is found in many industrial processes
Cadmium
213
Which industries use cadmium
Electroplating + Galvanizing + Mining + Metal processing + Plastics + Paints
214
Which routes expose individuals to cadmium
Smoking + Consumption of shellfish + Organ meats + Lettuce + Spinach + Potatoes + Grains + Peanuts + Soybeans + Sunflower seeds
215
Which mechanism underlies cadmium toxicity
Binding to proteins
216
Which renal effects are caused by cadmium toxicity
Tubular proteinuria + Glucosuria + Aminoaciduria
217
Which endocrine effects are caused by cadmium toxicity
Parathyroid dysfunction + Vitamin D deficiency
218
Which disease is caused by cadmium-contaminated rice
Itai itai disease
219
Which symptoms characterize itai itai disease
Severe osteomalacia + Osteoporosis
220
Which method is used for cadmium detection
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry using whole blood or urine
