Flashcards in F324 part 1 Deck (46)
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1
Short hand notation for a fatty acid
A:B(C)
A = number of carbon bonds
B = number of double bonds
C = position(s) of double bonds
2
Equation for benzene reacting with chlorine
C6H6 + Cl2 --> C6H5Cl + HCl
3
Conditions for nitration of benzene
Conc. nitric acid, conc. sulphuric acid, 50ºC
4
Reaction of phenol and potassium hydroxide and organic product formed
C6H5OH + KOH --> C6H5O-K+ +H2O
Potassium phenoxide
5
3 common amines and short description
Amphetamine: treats daytime drowsiness and chronic fatigue syndrome
Phenylephrine: decongestant, in cold and flu medicine
Adrenaline: flight or fight hormone
6
Equation for propan-1-ol being fully oxidised
C3H7OH + 2[O] --(K2Cr2O7/H2SO4)--> C2H5COOH + H2O
heated under reflux
7
What reducing agent is used in the reduction of carbonyls
NaBH4
8
Observations for reaction of phenol with bromine
Bromine decolourises, white preciptate forms (2,4,6- tribromophenol)
9
Equation for ethanoic anhydride with methanol
(Ch3CO)2O + CH3OH --> CH3COOCH3 + Ch3COOH
10
Conditions for acid hydrolysis of esters
Heated under reflux with dilute sulphuric acid or dilute hydrochloric acid
11
Condition for oxidising primary alcohol to aldehyde
Distillation (prevents further reaction)
12
Name of product formed from bromine and cyclohexene
1,2- dibromocyclohexane
13
What is a nucleophile
An atom or group of atoms attracted for an electron deficient centre where it donates a pair of electrons, forming a covalent bond
14
Shape and bond angles around a carbon atom in a benzene ring
Triginal planar, 120º
15
Observation seen by acidified dichromate ions (colour change)
Orange to green
16
Product produced in the bromination of phenol
2,4,6- tribromophenol
17
How to identify a specific carbonyl compound
React with 2,4- DNPH, filter and recrystallise precipitate(purify), determine melting point and compare against known values
18
Observations of melted phenol and potassium
Potassium disappears, effervescence
19
Two ways to make esters
From carboxylic acids
From acid anydrides
20
Chemical test for an aldehyde/ Ketone and its observation
Brady's reagent (2,4- DNPH) orange precipitate
21
Why does alcohol dissolve in water?
Hydrogen bonds form between the polar OH grouop and water molecules
22
Why does benzene react with substitution reactions rather than addition reactions?
Subsition maintains the stability of the benzene ring. The product from an addition reaction would be less stable because the delocalisation in the ring structure would be lost
23
Reaction of methylamine as a base
Ch3H2N: + H^+ ---> [H3CNH3}^+
24
How to differentiate between an aldehyde and a ketone, with observations
Tollen's reagent:
Aldehye- forms silver grey solid, 'silver mirror'
Ketone- no reaction
25
Why should the reflux reaction for the nitration of benzene be kept below 50ºC ?
To stop multiple groups being substituted onto the benzene ring
26
Delocalised electron definition
An electron that's shared between more than two atoms
27
Method used to determine that benzene's bond lengths were all the same
X-ray Crystallography
28
Three pieces of evidence against the Kekulé model for benzene
1) All bond lengths are equal and intermediate between single and double C bonds
2) Less endothermic than expected (-208kjmol^-1)
3) Resistant to attack by bromine
29
What type of reaction is the formation of triglyceride
Esterification
30
Difference in structures of an aldehyde and a ketone
Aldehyde: C=O functional group at end of chain
ketone: C=O group at any point that's not the end
31
Compare bromination resistance between benzene, phenol and cyclohexene
- benzene electrons delocalized
-phenol O- lone paiir partially delocalised around ring
-cyclohenene electrons delocalised between 2 carbons
-Phenol and cyclohexene have a higher electron density than benzene
-Phenol and cyclohexene can both polaise Br2
32
Bromine and cyclohexene observation and equation
C6H10 + Br2 --> 1,2- dibromocyclohexane
Bromine goes colourless
33
Oxidising agent used int he preparation of carbonyls
Acidified potassium dichromate ions
34
Way to detect carbonyl group and observation
Brady's reagent (2,4- dinitrophenolhydrazine )
Aldehyde or ketone form a yellow/ orange precipitate
35
Type of reaction for the reduction of carbonyls
Nucleophilic addition
36
Conditions for preparing esters
-Carboxylic acids
react with an alcohol in an acid catalyst (heat)
-Acid anhydrides
heat gently with an alcohol
37
Three uses of phenol
Surfactants
Detergents
Antiseptics
Epoxy resin for paint
38
Observation of sodium and phenol
Effervescence (hydrogen gas)
39
Conditions for alkaline hydrolysis of esters
Heated under reflux with aq NaOH or KOH
40
How can aliphatic amines be prepared?
By warming halogenalkanes gently with an excess of ammonia (ethanol used as a solvent)
41
Equation for combustion of methanol (and state symbols)
CH3OH(l) + 1.5O2(g) --> CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
42
Products forms from oxidising the three types of alcohols
Primary: Aldehyde then carboxylic acid
Secondary: Ketone
Tertiary: cant be oxidised
43
When does a coupling reaction occur?
When diazonium salt is reacted with a phenol or other aromatic compound
44
Example equations for how aluminium chloride can act as a halogen carrier catalyst
AlCl3 + Cl2 --> AlCl4^- + Cl^+
(electrophilic subsitution occurs)
H^+ + AlCl4^- --> AlCl3 + HCl
45
What is an electrophile?
An atom or group of atoms, attracted to an electron rich centre, which accepts a pair of electrons for form a new covalent bond
46
