F5-GEN PATHOPHYSIO Flashcards
(270 cards)
1
Q
What is the origin of the term pathology
A
Greek words Pathos plus Logos
2
Q
What does pathology mean
A
study of suffering or study of disease
3
Q
What does pathology study
A
structural+biochemical+functional changes in cells+tissues+organs underlying disease
4
Q
What is studied in pathology besides normal cells
A
changes in cells+tissues caused by disease process
5
Q
What is etiology in disease process
A
initiating cause of the disease
6
Q
What can be examples of etiologic agents
A
microorganisms+fungi+viruses+bacteria+chemicals+drugs
7
Q
What is pathogenesis
A
sequence of molecular+biochemical+cellular events leading to disease development
8
Q
What does pathogenesis describe
A
how etiologic agent causes cellular+molecular+biochemical changes
9
Q
What determines virulence in pathogenesis
A
degree of microorganism’s ability to cause disease
10
Q
What are morphologic changes
A
structural alterations in cells+tissues characteristic of disease
11
Q
Where are morphologic changes seen
A
microscopically under light microscope or electron microscopy
12
Q
What are clinical manifestations
A
symptoms+signs of disease
13
Q
What are symptoms
A
sensations felt by the patient like dizziness+cough+loose watery stool
14
Q
What are signs
A
measurable clinical manifestations like temperature+blood pressure+respiratory rates
15
Q
What is progression in clinical manifestations
A
clinical course and outcome of disease
16
Q
What was the clinical course of COVID-19 before vaccines
A
rapid progression with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
17
Q
What is the genome
A
3.2 billion DNA base pairs in the nucleus
18
Q
How many protein-encoding genes are in the genome
A
20
19
Q
What percent of the genome is non-protein coding
A
98.5 percent
20
Q
What genome portion is associated with most diseases
A
non-protein coding 98.5 percent
21
Q
What is the function of mitochondria in the cell
A
powerhouse producing energy
22
Q
What is the function of endoplasmic reticulum
A
protein synthesis
23
Q
What is the function of cytosol
A
metabolism and transportation
24
Q
What is the function of nucleus
A
DNA transcription
25
What controls the cell cycle
inhibitors and promoters proteins regulating cell proliferation
26
What is method using physical forensic evidence to identify people or objects
forensic identification
27
What are the three primary methods of human forensic identification
friction ridge analysis+forensic odontology+DNA analysis
28
What is fingerprint identification based on unique friction ridge patterns
friction ridge analysis
29
When do friction ridges develop
on fetus prior to birth
30
What is unique about friction ridges
never repeated and persistent throughout life except scarring+disease
31
What is identification using dental analysis especially in decomposed or skeletonized remains
forensic odontology
32
What ante-mortem dental data is used in odontology
dental X-rays+models+records+photographs+old dental prosthesis
33
What is DNA analysis in forensic identification
identifying individuals by unique DNA strands except identical twins
34
What are types of fingerprints in forensic evidence
latent+patent+plastic fingerprints
35
What is a invisible print needing dusting or fuming to be seen
latent fingerprint
36
What is a visible print left by substance on fingers
patent fingerprint
37
What is a three-dimensional impression in soft substances
plastic fingerprint
38
What is properties attributed to a single source with high certainty
individual characteristic in forensic evidence
39
What are examples of individual characteristics
fingerprints+seven-layered paint
40
What is class characteristic in forensic evidence
properties associated with a group not single source
41
What are examples of class characteristics
tire tread+blood type
42
What is record of evidence handling from discovery to court or destruction
chain of custody
43
Why is chain of custody important
prevents loss or damage and allows evidence use in court
44
What are stages in physical evidence analysis
recognition+identification+comparison+individualization+reconstruction
45
What is forensic database used for
matching victim to suspect or suspect to crime
46
What does AFIS stand for
Automated Fingerprint Identification System
47
What does CODIS stand for
Combined DNA Index System
48
What does IBIS stand for
Integrated Ballistics Identification System
49
What is building new model to decide how crime took place
crime scene reconstruction
50
What is the first step in crime scene reconstruction
securing and protecting the scene
51
What forensic database contains class characteristic evidence
PDQ paint database
52
What forensic database contains individual characteristic evidence
CODIS DNA database
53
What is the origin of the human body from fertilization
zygote formed by union of egg and sperm
54
What cells arise from pluripotent stem cells in the blastocyst
multipotent stem cells
55
What do multipotent stem cells form
differentiated cells
56
What are the three germ layers from pluripotent stem cells
endoderm+mesoderm+ectoderm
57
What mature cells arise from germ layers
hepatocytes+neurons+cardiomyocytes+hematopoietic cells+pancreatic islet cells
58
What is the state of a normal cell in equilibrium
homeostasis
59
What is the cellular response to mild injurious stimulus
reversible injury
60
What happens if a cell cannot adapt to stress
cell injury
61
What is the result of severe and progressive cell injury
irreversible injury
62
What are two forms of cell death after irreversible injury
necrosis+apoptosis
63
reversible changes in size+number+phenotype+metabolic activity+functions due to environmental changes
adaptation in cells
64
What are the four types of cellular adaptation
hypertrophy+hyperplasia+atrophy+metaplasia
65
What is increase in cell size causing organ enlargement
hypertrophy
66
What causes hypertrophy mechanistically
increased production of cellular proteins
67
What is normal response to increased functional demand or hormonal stimulation
physiologic hypertrophy
68
What are examples of physiologic hypertrophy
uterine hypertrophy in pregnancy+skeletal muscle hypertrophy from exercise
69
What is abnormal hypertrophy causing disease
pathologic hypertrophy
70
What causes pathologic hypertrophy in the heart
chronic hemodynamic overload
71
What is the effect of pathologic cardiac hypertrophy
increased left ventricular wall thickness+narrowing of ventricular lumen+reduced pumping function
72
What is the increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue in response to a stimulus
hyperplasia
73
What results from growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells and increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells
hyperplasia
74
What is the action of hormones or growth factors to increase functional capacity or compensate after damage
physiologic hyperplasia
75
What is the atypical hyperplasia of the endometrium leading to endometrial cancer
pre-malignant hyperplasia
76
What is the thickening of squamous cells due to increased number of human papillomavirus causing skin warts
hyperplasia
77
What is the reduction in size of an organ or tissue due to decrease in cell size and number
atrophy
78
What results from decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells
atrophy
79
What is the common atrophy during normal development like atrophy of notochord and thyroglossal duct during fetal development and postpartum uterus
physiologic atrophy
80
What is the atrophy caused by decreased workload such as muscle shrinkage in stroke patients
atrophy of disuse
81
What is the atrophy caused by loss of nerve supply to muscles
denervation atrophy
82
What is the atrophy caused by diminished blood supply usually in elderly
senile atrophy
83
What is the atrophy caused by inadequate nutrition leading to muscle wasting in children
malnutrition atrophy
84
What is the atrophy caused by loss of endocrine stimulation like estrogen deficiency in menopause causing endometrium and cervix atrophy
endocrine atrophy
85
What is the atrophy caused by compression from a large mass obscuring organs
pressure atrophy
86
What is the brain atrophy characterized by thinner gyri and wider sulci seen in Alzheimer’s disease
senile atrophy
87
What is the replacement of one cell type by another cell type
metaplasia
88
What can persistent metaplasia lead to in metaplastic epithelium
malignant transformation
89
What is the metaplasia from columnar to squamous epithelium seen in chronic smokers
squamous metaplasia
90
What is the metaplasia from squamous to columnar epithelium in the esophagus due to chronic acid reflux
Barrett esophagus
91
What is the risk associated with persistent acid exposure in Barrett esophagus
esophageal cancer
92
What are physical agents causing cell injury
trauma+burns+frostbite+radiation+pressure changes+electric shock
93
What are infectious causes of cell injury
viruses+bacteria+fungi+parasites+helminths
94
What are immunologic reactions causing cell injury
appropriate immune reactions+inappropriate immune reactions+hypersensitivity+autoimmune diseases
95
What are nutritional imbalances causing cell injury
protein-calorie deficits+vitamin deficiency+nutritional excess+obesity
96
What are biochemical alterations detectable in serum indicating cell injury
increased alanine aminotransferase+aspartate aminotransferase+creatinine+troponin I+troponin T
97
What are ultrastructural changes seen in reversible cell injury
plasma membrane alterations+mitochondrial swelling+dilation of endoplasmic reticulum+nuclear alterations
98
What are light microscopic features of reversible cell injury
cellular swelling+fatty change
99
What is the hallmark of reversible cell injury
reduced oxidative phosphorylation+ATP depletion+cellular swelling
100
What is the key event marking irreversible cell injury
inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction+disturbed membrane function+continued ATP reduction+lysosomal enzyme leakage
101
What are mechanisms of irreversible cell injury
calcium influx+activated phospholipases+intracellular proteases+activated endonucleases+lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes
102
What are effects of irreversible cell injury
mitochondrial damage+membrane damage+cytoskeletal damage+nuclear damage+lysosomal damage+cell death+phagocytosis
103
What is accidental unregulated cell death due to membrane damage and loss of ion homeostasis
necrosis
104
What happens during necrosis
lysosomal enzymes digest cell+elicits inflammation+always pathologic
105
What is programmed cell death due to irreparable DNA or protein damage
apoptosis
106
What are features of apoptosis
nuclear dissolution+cell fragmentation without membrane loss+no inflammation
107
What is the difference in cell size between necrosis and apoptosis
necrosis causes cell swelling+apoptosis causes cell shrinkage
108
What nuclear changes occur in necrosis
pyknosis+karyorrhexis+karyolysis
109
What nuclear changes occur in apoptosis
fragmentation into nucleosome-size fragments
110
What happens to plasma membrane in necrosis
disrupted and altered lipid orientation
111
What happens to plasma membrane in apoptosis
intact with apoptotic bodies formation
112
What is the inflammatory response in necrosis
frequent inflammation
113
What is the inflammatory response in apoptosis
none
114
What are physiologic or pathologic roles of necrosis
always pathologic as culmination of irreversible injury
115
What are physiologic or pathologic roles of apoptosis
often physiologic means of eliminating unwanted cells but may be pathologic
116
What are morphologic changes in necrosis
increased eosinophilia+myelin figures+nuclear changes
117
What nuclear changes occur in necrosis
karyolysis+pyknosis+karyorrhexis
118
What is preservation of dead tissue architecture with eosinophilic anucleate cells caused by ischemia
coagulative necrosis
119
What is the most common cause of coagulative necrosis
ischemia due to vessel obstruction
120
What is digestion of dead cells forming liquid viscous mass commonly in brain hypoxic death
liquefactive necrosis
121
What is necrosis of limb losing blood supply commonly in diabetic patients
gangrenous necrosis
122
cheese-like white structureless collection of lysed cells with inflammatory border seen in tuberculosis
caseous necrosis
123
What organism produces caseous necrosis in lungs
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
124
focal fat destruction from pancreatic lipases causing chalky-white areas with calcium deposits and inflammation
fat necrosis
125
immune complexes of antigen and antibodies deposited in artery walls causing bright pink necrosis with inflammation
fibrinoid necrosis
126
regulated programmed cell death eliminating unwanted or damaged cells with minimal host reaction
apoptosis
127
What enzymatic process characterizes apoptosis
enzymatic degradation of proteins and DNA initiated by caspases
128
What is the role of phagocytes in apoptosis
recognition and removal of apoptotic cells
129
What are physiologic roles of apoptosis
embryogenesis+involution of hormone-dependent tissues+cell loss in proliferating tissues+elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes
130
What pathologic situations cause apoptosis
DNA damage+misfolded proteins+certain infections+pathologic atrophy after duct obstruction
131
caspase-independent programmed cell death resembling necrosis morphologically and apoptosis mechanistically
necroptosis
132
What are examples of necroptosis
cell death in steatohepatitis+acute pancreatitis
133
vascular tissue response to infection and damage bringing host defense cells and molecules to injury sites
inflammation
134
What are steps in inflammatory response
recognition+recruitment+removal+regulation+resolution
135
What cells recognize microbes entering epithelium first
resident sentinel cells including macrophages+dendritic cells+mast cells
136
What mediators recruit leukocytes after recognition
amines+cytokines
137
What is the role of leukocytes in inflammation
migration to injury site and phagocytosis of microbes
138
What vascular changes accompany leukocyte migration
vasodilation+increased vascular permeability causing edema
139
Why is regulation needed in inflammation
to stop recruitment and mediator release after agent elimination
140
What initiates resolution and repair in inflammation
cytokines+growth factors+fibroblasts promoting extracellular matrix repair
141
What are causes of inflammation
infections+tissue necrosis+foreign bodies+immune reactions
142
What are the three major components of acute inflammation involving blood vessels and leukocytes
dilation of small vessels+increased microvascular permeability+leukocyte emigration and activation
143
What maintains fluid balance in normal blood vessels
hydrostatic pressure moving fluid out+colloid osmotic pressure holding fluid in
144
What causes fluid and protein leakage with vasodilation and stasis in inflammation
increased endothelial space leading to exudate formation
145
What characterizes transudate fluid compared to exudate
increased hydrostatic pressure+decreased colloid osmotic pressure+low protein and cell content+no endothelial widening
146
What process describes leukocyte movement involving rolling adhesion and migration controlled by selectins cytokines and chemokines
leukocyte extravasation
147
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammatory response
redness rubor+warmth calor+swelling tumor+pain dolor+loss of function functio laesa
148
What type of inflammation involves exudation of cell-poor fluid into spaces or cavities without infection or many leukocytes
serous inflammation
149
What type of inflammation involves large vascular leaks or local procoagulant stimulus with fibrin formation seen in meninges pericardium and pleura
fibrinous inflammation
150
What is the appearance of fibrin in fibrinous inflammation
eosinophilic meshwork of threads or amorphous coagulum
151
What type of inflammation produces pus consisting of neutrophils liquefied necrotic debris and edema fluid caused by pyogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus
purulent inflammation or abscess
152
local excavation of organ or tissue surface from sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue
ulcer
153
What are common sites for ulcers
mucosa of mouth stomach intestines skin and subcutaneous tissue
154
What are common causes of acute inflammation
infarction+bacterial infections+toxins+trauma
155
What vascular changes occur in acute inflammation
microvascular dilation and increased permeability
156
What cellular changes occur in acute inflammation
neutrophil recruitment and activation
157
What are the outcomes after acute inflammation
clearance of injurious stimuli+clearance of mediators and inflammatory cells+replacement of injured cells+restoration of normal function
158
What distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation
persistent injury caused by autoimmune diseases or chronic infections
159
What is a common cause of chronic inflammation
tuberculosis
160
What are features of chronic inflammation
angiogenesis+mononuclear cell infiltrate+fibrosis
161
What is the consequence of healing in chronic inflammation
fibrosis or loss of function
162
What is the prolonged response in which inflammation tissue injury and repair attempts coexist over weeks or months
chronic inflammation
163
What are infectious causes of chronic inflammation
persistent infections by mycobacteria+fungi+viruses+parasites
164
What hypersensitivity diseases cause chronic inflammation
autoimmune diseases+allergic diseases
165
What toxic agents cause chronic inflammation
prolonged exposure to exogenous or endogenous agents like silica+atherosclerosis
166
What are morphologic features of chronic inflammation
infiltration of mononuclear cells+tissue destruction+attempts at healing
167
What mononuclear cells infiltrate tissues in chronic inflammation
macrophages+lymphocytes+plasma cells
168
What histologic features characterize chronic lung inflammation
chronic inflammatory cell collection+parenchymal destruction+connective tissue fibrosis
169
What distinguishes granulomatous inflammation
collections of activated macrophages often with T lymphocytes sometimes with central necrosis
170
What diseases show granulomatous inflammation
tuberculosis+leprosy+syphilis+cat-scratch disease
171
What are systemic effects of inflammation
fever+acute-phase protein elevation+leukocytosis+septic shock
172
What are examples of acute-phase proteins elevated in inflammation
C-reactive protein+fibrinogen+serum amyloid A protein
173
What characterizes septic shock
falling blood pressure+disseminated intravascular coagulation+metabolic abnormalities+potential death
174
replacement of damaged tissue components returning to normal state
tissue regeneration
175
What causes repair by connective tissue deposition or scar formation
inability to completely restitute injured tissue or severe damage to supporting structures
176
abnormal tissue mass with uncoordinated growth persisting after stimulus cessation
neoplasm
177
What are features of benign tumors
localized growth+no spread+amenable to surgical removal+suffix -oma for mesenchymal origin except melanoma and seminoma
178
What are examples of benign epithelial tumors classified by origin or pattern
adenoma+papilloma+cystadenoma+polyp
179
What suffix indicates benign mesenchymal tumors
-oma
180
cancers invading adjacent structures and spreading to distant sites causing death
malignant tumors
181
What are types of malignant tumors by origin
sarcomas mesenchymal+leukemias and lymphomas blood-forming+carcinomas epithelial
182
divergent differentiation of a single neoplastic clone benign or malignants
mixed tumors
183
What is an example of benign mixed tumor
pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland
184
tumor with more than one germ cell layer benign if mature malignant if immature
teratoma
185
What are examples of mesenchymal benign and malignant tumors
fibroma fibrosarcoma+lipoma liposarcoma+chondroma chondrosarcoma+osteoma osteogenic sarcoma
186
What are examples of vascular benign and malignant tumors
hemangioma angiosarcoma+lymphangioma lymphangiosarcoma
187
What are examples of mesothelium tumors
benign fibrous mesothelioma+malignant mesothelioma
188
What are examples of brain covering tumors
meningioma invasive meningioma
189
What are examples of muscle tumors
leiomyoma leiomyosarcoma+rhabdomyoma rhabdomyosarcoma
190
What are examples of blood cell tumors
leukemias lymphomas
191
What is a disorganized but benign mass composed of cells indigenous to the involved site
hamartoma
192
What is a heterotopic or ectopic rest of normal cells found in an abnormal location like pancreatic tissue in stomach submucosa
choristoma
193
What distinguishes hamartoma from choristoma
hamartoma is abnormal tissue in normal location while choristoma is normal tissue in abnormal location
194
What is a benign tumor with cells resembling normal parenchymal cells morphologically and functionally
well differentiated tumor
195
What is a tumor lacking differentiation making it impossible to identify tissue of origin
anaplasia
196
What is variation in size and shape of tumor cells
pleomorphism
197
What nuclear morphology is abnormal in malignancy
large irregular nuclei with coarsely clumped chromatin and large nucleoli
198
What indicates high proliferative activity in tumors
atypical mitoses including tripolar and multipolar figures
199
What is loss of normal cell orientation causing disorganized growth
loss of polarity
200
What is a cancerous lesion with dysplastic changes involving full thickness of epithelium without basement membrane invasion
carcinoma in situ
201
What tumor growth pattern is cohesive expansile masses bounded by a capsule without invasion
benign tumor local invasion
202
What is replacement of one cell type by another usually in response to tissue damage
metaplasia
203
What is disordered growth with loss of uniformity and architectural orientation often in metaplastic epithelium
dysplasia
204
What is spread of tumor to sites discontinuous with primary tumor marking malignancy
metastasis
205
What are pathways of tumor spread
seeding of body cavities+lymphatic spread+hematogenous spread
206
What is the common route of metastasis for carcinomas
lymphatic spread
207
What is the common route of metastasis for sarcomas
hematogenous spread
208
What are features distinguishing benign from malignant tumors
benign well differentiated slow growth no invasion no metastasis malignant poorly differentiated rapid growth invasion frequent metastasis
209
What environmental factor is an infectious agent like human papilloma virus causing cervical carcinoma
infectious agents
210
What environmental factor is the most important and causes cancer in mouth pharynx larynx esophagus pancreas bladder and about 90 percent of lung cancers
smoking
211
What environmental factor is associated with carcinoma of oropharynx larynx esophagus and hepatocellular carcinoma
alcohol consumption
212
What environmental factor is associated with colorectal carcinoma prostate carcinoma and breast carcinoma
diet
213
What environmental factor increases cancer death rates by 52 percent in men and 62 percent in women
obesity
214
What environmental factor involves cumulative exposure to estrogen stimulation
reproductive history
215
What are examples of environmental carcinogens causing cancer
occupational exposures+arsenic+asbestos+benzene+chromium+nickel+vinyl chloride+radon
216
What age group has most carcinomas occurring in adults older than 55 years
older adults
217
What is the leading cause of death among women aged 40 to 79 and men aged 60 to 79
cancer
218
What percent of all deaths in children younger than 15 years in the United States is due to cancer
10 percent
219
What is a common cause of cancer in children due to genetic mutations
genetic mutations
220
What acquired predisposing condition involves persistent tissue injury
chronic inflammation
221
What acquired predisposing condition involves abnormal tissue changes before cancer
precursor lesions
222
What acquired predisposing condition involves reduced immune response
immunodeficiency
223
What are examples of chronic inflammatory states leading to cancer
ulcerative colitis+chronic cholecystitis+Barrett esophagus+chronic gastritis+hepatitis B+hepatitis C+osteomyelitis+schistosomiasis
224
What is the hallmark of cancer involving self-sufficiency in growth signal
sustaining proliferative signaling
225
What is the hallmark of cancer involving ability to avoid immune response
avoiding immune destruction
226
What is the hallmark of cancer involving ability to evade normal growth suppressors
evading growth suppressors
227
What is the hallmark of cancer involving ability for continuous replication
enabling replicative immortality
228
What is the hallmark of cancer involving ability to create new blood vessels
inducing angiogenesis
229
What is tumor grading based on
degree of differentiation and number of mitoses or architectural features
230
What is tumor staging based on
TNM system+T for primary tumor+N for regional lymph node involvement+M for metastases
231
What is the prognosis of cancer affected by
grading and staging
232
What laboratory diagnosis method uses tissue structure for cancer diagnosis
histology and cytologic methods
233
What laboratory diagnosis method uses antibodies to confirm cancer cell lineage
immunohistochemistry
234
What laboratory diagnosis method uses cell markers for cysts and tumors
flow cytometry
235
What laboratory diagnosis method detects cancer-related genetic changes
molecular diagnostics and cytogenetics
236
What laboratory diagnosis method measures enzymes hormones and markers in blood
tumor markers
237
What is the limitation of tumor markers in cancer diagnosis
lack of sensitivity and specificity
238
What is the main use of tumor markers
monitoring tumor response to therapy and detecting recurrence
239
What is the postmortem examination of a body to determine cause of death or pathological changes
autopsy
240
What is the first step in autopsy involving medical history and events leading to death
complete evaluation of medical history
241
What is the step in autopsy involving collection and documentation of evidence
collection and documentation of trace evidence
242
What is the step in autopsy involving photographing and cataloging injuries
photographing and cataloging of injuries
243
What is the step in autopsy involving detailed external examination
detailed external examination from head to toe
244
What is the step in autopsy involving internal dissection
internal examination including dissection of organs and tissues
245
What is the step in autopsy involving microscopic analysis
microscopic examination of organs and tissues
246
What is the step in autopsy involving laboratory and toxicologic tests
laboratory and toxicologic examinations of body tissues and fluids
247
What is the step in autopsy involving written report of findings
written report detailing pertinent findings negative findings and conclusions
248
What is the purpose of autopsy to establish
cause and manner of death
249
What is the cause of death
disease or injury setting in motion the chain of events leading to death
250
What is the manner of death
classification system for deaths as natural homicide suicide accident or undetermined
251
complete cessation of metabolic and functional activities of the organism or body as a whole
somatic death
252
What are the three primary signs of somatic death
circulatory failure+respiratory failure+central nervous system failure
253
cooling of the body to equalize with the environment
algor mortis
254
What is the rate of body cooling at 70 degrees Fahrenheit between 2 and 12 hours after death
1.5 degrees per hour
255
rigidity or stiffening of muscles beginning 30 minutes to 1 hour after death peaking at 10 to 12 hours and persisting for 24 to 36 hours
rigor mortis
256
What is the sequence of rigor mortis appearance
starts in head and neck spreads to lower extremities disappears in same sequence
257
purplish discoloration of skin in dependent portions due to blood settling in vessels
livor mortis
258
What is the time of appearance for livor mortis
visible between 20 and 30 minutes cleared in 8 to 12 hours
259
late postmortem tissue breakdown with putrefaction and autolysis
decomposition
260
slow formation of blood clots after death with yellow chicken fat and currant jelly appearance
postmortem clotting
261
What is the difference between postmortem and antemortem thrombi
postmortem clots show settling and separation of red cells from plasma
262
production of foul-smelling gases and greenish blue discoloration due to bacterial invasion after death
putrefaction
263
in-situ dissection of organs
Rokitansky autopsy technique
264
removal of organs one by one
Virchow autopsy technique
265
removal of organs in regional and functional groups en bloc
Ghon autopsy technique
266
removal of organs as a single group
en masse autopsy technique
267
What is the purpose of autopsy in forensic cases
provide information to legal and judicial systems
268
What is the purpose of autopsy in hospital cases
determine disease and improve patient care
269
What is the purpose of autopsy for public health
improve accuracy of vital statistics and identify environmental or occupational hazards
270
What are indications for autopsy
unknown or unanticipated medical complications+unknown cause of death+unexpected or unexplained deaths+deaths during or after medical procedures+natural deaths not subject to forensic jurisdiction+high-risk infectious disease+obstetric deaths+neonatal and pediatric deaths
