F4-CYTOLOGIC TECHNIQUES Flashcards
(241 cards)
1
Q
What is the recommended cervical cancer screening interval for women ages 21 to 29 years using cytology alone
A
every 3 years
2
Q
What is the recommended cervical cancer screening interval for women ages 30 to 65 years using high-risk human papillomavirus primary screening
A
every 5 years
3
Q
What alternative screening options exist for women ages 30 to 65 years besides HPV primary screening
A
cervical cytology alone every 3 years or cotesting every 5 years
4
Q
What age group is not recommended for cervical cancer screening by the United States Preventive Services Task Force
A
women younger than 21 years
5
Q
What age group is not recommended for cervical cancer screening if adequately screened and not high risk
A
women older than 65 years
6
Q
What is the recommendation for cervical cancer screening in women with prior hysterectomy and no cervix without history of high-grade precancer or cancer
A
no screening recommended
7
Q
What cytologic technique involves microscopic examination of cells from body sites for diagnosis
A
diagnostic cytology
8
Q
What cytologic technique studies cells desquamated from epithelial surfaces spontaneously or physically removed
A
exfoliative cytology
9
Q
What are indications for exfoliative cytology
A
detection of malignant cells in body fluids+precancerous cervical lesions+assessment of female hormonal status+determination of genetic sex+detection of infectious agents
10
Q
What patient instructions optimize gynecologic cytology sample collection
A
avoid menstrual period+no tampons birth control foams jellies vaginal creams lubricants or medications 2 to 3 days before test+no douching 2 to 3 days before test+no vaginal sex 2 days before test
11
Q
What are specimen collection guidelines for conventional cervical smear
A
lubricate speculum with warm water or water-soluble lubricant+remove excess mucus gently+obtain sample before acetic acid or Lugol’s iodine+include ectocervix and endocervix cells
12
Q
What are two smear fixation options for conventional cervical smear
A
coating fixatives containing alcohol and polyethylene glycol applied by spray or dropper+immersion in 95 percent ethanol
13
Q
What is the ThinPrep method in liquid-based cytology
A
sample vial with plastic cylinder filter spun to disperse cells+vacuum traps cells on filter+filter pressed on glass slide+slide dropped into alcohol bath
14
Q
What is the SurePath method in liquid-based cytology
A
vortex sample+disaggregate cell clusters by syringing+centrifuge with density gradient reagent+repeat sedimentation+transfer fluid to instrument+cells settle on cationic polyelectrolyte-coated slide+robotic arm dispenses sequential stains
15
Q
What is the recommended age to begin cervical cancer screening with HPV testing according to American Cancer Society
A
25 years
16
Q
What is the recommended screening interval for primary HPV testing according to American Cancer Society
A
every 5 years
17
Q
What is the reason HPV testing is preferred over cytology for cervical cancer screening
A
higher sensitivity detecting more precancers cancers and types of cancer including squamous and adenocarcinomas
18
Q
What is the recommended screening approach if HPV testing is not available
A
Pap smear every 3 years or cotesting every 5 years
19
Q
What is the recommended age to stop cervical cancer screening with normal prior results
A
65 years
20
Q
What is the significance of a negative HPV test in cervical cancer screening
A
long-term reassurance of extremely low risk of cervical cancer
21
Q
What is the importance of HPV vaccination in cervical cancer prevention
A
prevents exposure to HPV which causes over 90 percent of cervical cancers
22
Q
What is the approved minimum age for HPV vaccination
A
9 years
23
Q
What is the microscopic examination of cells from different body sites for diagnostic purposes
A
Diagnostic Cytology
24
Q
What depends on methods of specimen collection fixation preservation preparation staining and mounting for accurate cytologic interpretation
A
Accurate Cytologic Interpretation of Cellular Material
25
What is the microscopic study of cells desquamated from epithelial surfaces
Exfoliative Cytology
26
What type of cytology studies cells spontaneously shed or physically removed from epithelial and mucous membranes
Exfoliative Cytology
27
For what purposes is exfoliative cytology recommended detection of malignant cells in body fluids detection of precancerous cervical lesions assessment of female hormonal status determination of genetic sex detection of infectious agents
Uses of Exfoliative Cytology
28
What are the six types of exfoliative cytology gynecologic cytology impression smear sputum smear bronchoscopy specimens smears of gastric secretions and aspirates smears of breast secretion
Types of Exfoliative Cytology
29
What patient instruction is to avoid scheduling a gynecologic cytology appointment during menstrual period and best time is at least five days after period stops
Gynecologic Cytology Patient Instruction on Scheduling
30
What should patients avoid using for two to three days before gynecologic cytology test tampons birth control foams jellies vaginal creams lubricants medications
Gynecologic Cytology Patient Instruction on Avoiding Products
31
What should patients avoid doing for two to three days before gynecologic cytology test
Douching
32
What should patients avoid doing for two days before gynecologic cytology test
Vaginal Sex
33
What lubricants can be used sparingly with speculum during cervical smear specimen collection
Warm Water or Water-Soluble Lubricant
34
What should be gently removed with a cotton swab before cervical smear sample collection
Excess Mucus or Other Discharge
35
When should cervical smear sample be obtained relative to application of acetic acid or Lugol's iodine
Before Application
36
What cells should an optimal cervical smear sample include
Cells from Ectocervix and Endocervix
37
What are the two options for cervical smear fixation coating fixatives containing alcohol and polyethylene glycol applied by pump sprays or droppers and immersion in 95 percent ethanol
Cervical Smear Fixation Methods
38
What is the liquid-based cytology preparation method where a sample vial is placed on a stage and a hollow plastic cylinder with a polycarbonate filter spins dispersing cells
ThinPrep Method
39
What happens in ThinPrep method after cells are trapped on the filter by vacuum
The cylinder is inverted 180 degrees and filter pressed against glass slide then dropped into alcohol bath
40
What is the liquid-based cytology preparation method involving vortexing sample disaggregating cell clusters by syringing centrifuging with density gradient reagent and robotic staining
SurePath Method
41
What is the role of immunocytochemistry in cytopathology
Auxiliary diagnostic tool for cellular origin diagnosis prognosis and predictive markers
42
What are four methods of specimen preparation used in immunocytochemistry direct smear cytospin paraffin embedded cell block and liquid-based thin layer preparation
Immunocytochemistry Specimen Preparation Methods
43
What is the main cytopathology technique used in cervical cancer screening that has been replaced in many settings by liquid-based cytology
Papanicolaou Smear
44
What does liquid-based cytology improve in cell collection and processing
Quality and Efficiency
45
What does liquid-based cytology reduce in samples that improves visualization and analysis
Obscuring Factors such as Blood or Mucus
46
What is cytopathology used to diagnose besides cancer
Infectious Diseases caused by bacteria viruses fungi and parasites
47
What is the microscopic examination and analysis of individual cells obtained from various tissues and organs
Cytopathology
48
What is the recommended time to schedule a gynecologic cytology test after menstrual period
At Least Five Days After Menstrual Period Stops
49
What should not be used on the cervix before obtaining a cervical smear sample
Acetic Acid or Lugol's Iodine
50
What is the concentration of ethanol used for direct immersion fixation of cervical smear samples
Ninety Five Percent Ethanol
51
What is the diameter of the polycarbonate filter used in ThinPrep liquid-based cytology
Twenty Millimeters
52
What instrument monitors cell density on the filter during ThinPrep method
The Rotor Instrument
53
What process in SurePath method disaggregates cell clusters
Syringing Through a Small Orifice
54
What is used in SurePath method to separate cells by density
Centrifuge with Density Gradient Reagent
55
What device transfers fluid and dispenses sequential stains in SurePath method
PrepStain Instrument with Robotic Arm
56
What type of cytology is recommended for detection of precancerous cervical lesions in women
Cervicovaginal Smear or Pap Smear
57
What type of cytology is used for assessment of female hormonal status in sterility and endocrine disorders
Exfoliative Cytology
58
What is the term for cells that have been shed or removed from epithelial and mucous membranes
Desquamated Cells
59
What is the purpose of removing excess mucus or discharge before cervical smear collection
To Obtain a Clear Sample
60
What type of fixatives contain alcohol and polyethylene glycol and are applied by pump sprays or droppers
Coating Fixatives
61
What device uses computer imaging technology to assist in primary cervical cancer screening of ThinPrep Pap Test slides
ThinPrep Imaging System
62
What are the three main components of the ThinPrep Imaging System
Imaging Station Image Processor Server and User Interface
63
What component of the ThinPrep Imaging System allows cytotechnologists to navigate 22 fields of view on a slide
Review Scope
64
What principle does the ThinPrep Imaging System use to select fields for screening
Location-Guided Screening
65
How many slides can each cartridge hold in the ThinPrep Imaging System
Twenty Five Slides
66
How many cartridges can be loaded onto the ThinPrep Imaging System bench-top imager at once
Ten Cartridges
67
How many fields of view does the ThinPrep Imaging System identify on each slide for review
Twenty Two Fields of View
68
What features does the ThinPrep Imaging System use to identify fields likely to harbor abnormal cells
Optical Density Measurements and Other Features
69
What links the Image Processor and Review Scopes in the ThinPrep Imaging System
Server
70
What does the server send to the Review Scope when a valid slide identifier is recognized
Coordinate Information of Fields of View
71
What device uses programmed algorithms to measure cellular features like nuclear size nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear contour
BD FocalPoint System
72
What morphologic features are measured by BD FocalPoint System for diagnosis
Nuclear Size Integrated Optical Density Nuclear to Cytoplasmic Ratio Nuclear Contour
73
What system provides a framework for consistent interlaboratory terminology for reporting cervicovaginal cytology specimens
Bethesda System
74
What is the minimum number of squamous cells required for adequacy in liquid-based preparations according to Bethesda System
Five Thousand Cells
75
What is the minimum number of squamous cells required for adequacy in smear preparations according to Bethesda System
Eight Thousand to Twelve Thousand Cells
76
What are the three general classification categories in Bethesda System
Negative for Intraepithelial Lesion or Malignancy Other Epithelial Cell Abnormality
77
What are the four layers of benign cervical squamous epithelium
Basal Cell Layer Parabasal Cell Layer Intermediate Cells Superficial Cell Layer
78
What are characteristics of superficial cells in cervical cytology
Small Pyknotic Nucleus Five to Six Micrometer Diameter Large Polygonal Cells Transparent Pink or Green Cytoplasm
79
During which menstrual cycle phases are superficial cells predominant
Late Proliferative and Ovulatory Phases
80
What hormone level is high during presence of superficial cells
Estrogen
81
What conditions are associated with low estrogen states
Premenarche Postpartum Postmenopause Turner Syndrome Status Post Bilateral Oophorectomy
82
What are characteristics of intermediate cells in cervical cytology
Larger Nucleus Eight Micrometer Diameter Finely Granular Texture Large Polygonal Cells Transparent Pink or Green Cytoplasm
83
During which menstrual phases are intermediate cells predominant
Luteal and Early Follicular Phases
84
During which pregnancy trimesters are intermediate cells seen
Second and Third Trimester
85
What hormone level is high during presence of intermediate cells
Progesterone
86
What are characteristics of parabasal cells
Round or Oval Shape Variably Sized Nucleus Larger than Intermediate Cell Nucleus
87
What cells are smaller than parabasal cells with scant cytoplasm
Basal Cells
88
What condition is indicated by presence of parabasal cells
Atrophy
89
What cells line the endocervix
Mucin-Producing Columnar Cells
90
What are cytologic features of endocervical cells
Abundant Vacuolated Cytoplasm Basally Placed Nucleus Finely Granular Chromatin Picket Fence or Honeycomb Appearance
91
When are spontaneously exfoliated menstrual endometrial cells seen in Pap test specimens
During First Twelve Days of Menstrual Cycle
92
What are cytomorphologic features of exfoliated endometrial cells
Balls of Small Cells Isolated Small Cells Scant Cytoplasm Dark Nucleus Nuclear Molding Nuclear Fragmentation
93
What is the weight of the ThinPrep Integrated Imager
Thirty One Kilograms or Sixty Eight Pounds
94
What is the operating temperature range of the ThinPrep Integrated Imager
Sixteen to Thirty Two Degrees Celsius or Sixty to Ninety Degrees Fahrenheit
95
What is the operating humidity range of the ThinPrep Integrated Imager
Twenty to Eighty Percent Relative Humidity Non-Condensing
96
What electrical voltage ranges does the ThinPrep Integrated Imager support
One Hundred to One Hundred Twenty Volts and Two Hundred Twenty to Two Hundred Forty Volts Single Phase
97
What frequency range does the ThinPrep Integrated Imager operate at
Fifty to Sixty Hertz Plus or Minus Ten Percent
98
What is the approximate time to image each slide using ThinPrep imaging technology
Ninety Seconds
99
How many largest and darkest cell objects are identified and stored during ThinPrep imaging
Twenty Two
100
What happens if abnormal cells are identified in the 22 fields of view during ThinPrep Imaging System review
Entire Slide Must Be Reviewed
101
What can the review scope be used as besides an automated microscope
Conventional Microscope
102
What automated feature in the ThinPrep Imaging System saves time and increases accuracy during review
Automated Fiducial Mark Alignment
103
What does the Review Scope provide to facilitate locating fields containing cells of interest
Automated Stage
104
What methods can be used to determine specimen adequacy on ThinPrep slides
Counting Cells in Twenty Two Fields of View or Counting Cells in Ten Fields Across Diameter of Cell Spot
105
What happens to electronically marked objects after slide review in ThinPrep Imaging System
Automatically Ink Marked
106
What information is electronically transmitted back to the computer after slide review
X and Y Coordinates of Marked Locations and Slide Completion Status
107
What are boat-shaped intermediate cells with strong tendency to fold or curl seen in later half of menstrual cycle pregnancy and menopause
Navicular Cells
108
What hormone effect is associated with navicular cells presence
Combined Estrogen-Progesterone Effect
109
What parasitic protozoan causes a sexually transmitted disease with symptoms of burning itching and malodorous vaginal discharge but 50 percent asymptomatic
Trichomonas Vaginalis
110
What is the size and shape of Trichomonas vaginalis
Fifteen to Thirty Micrometers Long Pear-Shaped
111
What cytoplasmic features characterize Trichomonas vaginalis
Pale Eccentrically Placed Granules and Red Cytoplasmic Granules
112
What fungal species infect vulva vagina and cervix causing burning itching and thick cheesy discharge
Candida Albicans and Candida Glabrata
113
What are cytomorphologic features of Candida species
Pink Yeast Forms Three to Seven Micrometers Diameter Long Pseudohyphae and True Hyphae Tangles of Pseudohyphae and Yeast Forms Skewers of Squamous Cells Around Pseudohyphae
114
What clinical presentation suggests a shift in vaginal flora with thin milky discharge and foul fishy odor not considered sexually transmitted
Bacterial Vaginosis
115
What bacterium is associated with bacterial vaginosis
Gardnerella Vaginalis
116
What tests help diagnose bacterial vaginosis
Pap or Wet Prep Morphology Vaginal pH Amine Odor Whiff Test with Potassium Hydroxide
117
What cytomorphologic features indicate bacterial vaginosis
Short Bacilli Curved Bacilli Mixed Bacteria No Lactobacilli Filmy Appearance Clue Cells
118
What cytologic technique is used for ulcerated surface lesions for immediate assessment before fixation
Impression Smear or Imprint
119
What does sputum cytology sample contain
Mixture of Cellular and Noncellular Elements Cleared by Mucociliary Apparatus
120
What is the sensitivity range of sputum cytology from single to five specimens
Forty Two Percent to Ninety One Percent
121
What is the specificity range of sputum cytology
Ninety Six Percent to Ninety Nine Percent
122
What are the positive and negative predictive values of sputum cytology
One Hundred Percent and Fifteen Percent
123
How many consecutive morning sputum specimens are recommended
At Least Three
124
What type of sputum specimen is collected early morning by deep cough and placed in Saccomanno fluid
Spontaneous Sputum
125
What method induces sputum by inhalation of aerosol solution for twenty minutes to produce deep cough sample
Induced Sputum
126
How is adequacy of sputum sample established
Numerous Pulmonary Macrophages
127
What is the first step in pick and smear sputum preparation technique
Select Bloody Discolored or Solid Particles Not Larger Than Small Pea
128
What is the second step in pick and smear technique
Crush Particle on Each of Four Plain Slides Using Rotary Motion
129
What is the third step in pick and smear technique
Place Prepared Slides Immediately in Coplin Jar with Ninety Five Percent Ethyl Alcohol Fixative
130
What is the first step in sputum preparation after Saccomanno fixation
Pour Specimen into Semi-Micro Container and Blend in Waring Blender at High Speed for Five to Ten Seconds
131
What is the second step in sputum preparation after Saccomanno fixation
Pour Blended Specimen into Fifty Milliliter Test Tube
132
What is the third step in sputum preparation after Saccomanno fixation
Centrifuge Specimen for Ten Minutes at Appropriate RPM
133
What is done after centrifugation in sputum preparation
Decant Supernatant Leaving Few Drops Mix with Pale Granular Sediment Resuspend by Vortex Mixer
134
What is the final step in sputum preparation before staining
Place Few Drops of Resuspended Sediment on Clean Slide and Air-Dry
135
What are the two main types of bronchoscopic specimens collected for cytologic examination
Bronchial Brushings and Bronchial Aspirations and Washings
136
What technique is used to prepare bronchial brushing specimens on slides
Pull Technique
137
What fixatives are used for bronchial brushing specimens
Spray Fixatives or Ninety Five Percent Alcohol Immersion
138
What volume of saline solution is instilled to wash mucosa during bronchial aspirations and washings
Three to Ten Milliliters
139
What is done to bronchial washings fluid after collection
Centrifuged and Concentrate Used for Smears Thin-Layer Preparations or Cell Blocks
140
What is the medical procedure involving insertion of a long thin tube to observe internal organs including gastrointestinal tract
Endoscopy
141
Which gastrointestinal tract parts can be examined by endoscopy
Esophagus Stomach Duodenum Small Intestine Large Intestine Colon Bile Duct Rectum Anus
142
What technique is used for gastric secretions and aspirate collection
Simple Irrigation and Aspiration
143
What is the fasting requirement before gastric secretion smear collection
At Least Eight Hours
144
What type of tubes are used to collect bronchial gastric and other washings for cytology
Fifty Milliliter Plastic Screw-Cap Centrifuge Tubes
145
At what speed and duration are washings centrifuged for cytology
Ten Minutes at Usually Six Hundred RPM
146
What should be done if sediment from washings is very mucoid
Prepare Smears as Described for Sputums and Bronchial Aspirates
147
What method is used to prepare sediment with small amount of mucus from washings
Two-Slide Pull Method for High-Protein Fluids
148
How should sediment with no visible mucus from washings be prepared
As Described for Urine Sediment
149
What is the Saccomanno technique for washings preparation
Centrifuge for Ten Minutes Discard Supernatant Add Fifty Milliliters Saccomanno Fixative Stand Two Hours Hand-Prepare Slides
150
What is the diagnostic yield of smears of breast secretion
Extremely Low
151
What breast conditions can be assessed by breast secretion smears
Hormonal Imbalance Benign Intraductal Papilloma Duct Ectasia Breast Carcinoma
152
What is fine needle aspiration biopsy used to study
Cellular Samples from Organs Not Shedding Cells Spontaneously
153
What are examples of superficial masses sampled by fine needle aspiration
Breast Thyroid Lymph Nodes
154
What are examples of deeply seated lesions sampled by fine needle aspiration
Liver Lungs Mediastinum Soft Tissues Bones Kidneys Abdomen
155
Where is the diagnostic material found when aspirating a solid lesion
Few Drops at Tip of Needle
156
What is the recommended maximum number of slides prepared from fine needle aspiration using slide-pull technique
Four Slides
157
What should be done with the needle after aspiration
Rinse in Preservative Solution
158
What is the ideal aspirate consistency for fine needle aspiration
Creamy with Numerous Cells Suspended Without Blood
159
What additional preparation can be done in lymph node aspiration
Cell Suspension in Addition to Direct Smears
160
Which stains are used for colloid mucin and smears in fine needle aspiration
Hematological Stains such as May-Grunwald-Giemsa Air-Dried
161
What rapid stain is useful for preliminary assessment of fine needle aspiration sample adequacy
Diff Quik Stain Two to Three Minutes
162
How should smears be fixed for Papanicolaou or Hematoxylin and Eosin staining
Rapid Wet Fixation with Alcohol
163
What are examples of body fluids collected for cytology serous effusions and cerebrospinal fluid
Pleural Pericardial Peritoneal and Cerebrospinal Fluid
164
What are common procedures to obtain pleural pericardial and peritoneal fluids
Thoracentesis Pericardiocentesis Paracentesis
165
What is the preferred condition of fluid specimens for cytology
Freshly Tapped Specimens
166
How long can fluid specimens be refrigerated for preservation
Twenty Four to Forty Eight Hours
167
What does prefixation of fluid specimens mean
Collection in Medium Preserving Morphology Until Slide Preparation
168
What is a fresh sample in cytology
Specimen with No Fixative or Preservative Added
169
What additive removes jelly-like clots from fluid specimens
Heparin Three Hundred Units per One Hundred Milliliters Sample
170
How long can specimens with high mucus content be preserved refrigerated
Twelve to Twenty Four Hours
171
How long can specimens with high protein content be preserved refrigerated
Twenty Four to Forty Eight Hours
172
How long can specimens with low mucus or protein content endure delay even if refrigerated
One to Two Hours
173
How must specimens with low pH such as gastric material be handled
Collected on Ice and Prepared Within Minutes to Prevent Cellular Destruction
174
What are common pre-fixatives used for cytology specimens
Fifty Percent Ethyl Alcohol Saccomanno's Fixative Shandon Mucolexx Commercial Cytospin Collection Fluid
175
What are methods of preparing fluids for microscopic examination
Direct or Sediment Smears Cytocentrifuge Preparations Automated Cytology Systems Membrane Filters Cell Blocks
176
What centrifuge speed and time are recommended for fluid specimen preparation
Ten Minutes at Usually Six Hundred RPM
177
How is sediment transferred to slides for fluid cytology
Transfer Sediment or Buffy Coat to Clean Glass Slide or Albuminized Slide
178
What fixative is used immediately after slide preparation for fluid cytology
Ninety Five Percent Ethyl Alcohol or Equivalent
179
What technique uses centrifugal force to isolate concentrate and deposit a monolayer of cells from dilute suspension onto a slide
Cytospin
180
At what speed and duration is specimen centrifuged in cytospin preparation
One Thousand RPM for One Minute
181
What type of preparations does cytospin produce
Uniform Cell Preparations
182
What fixative is used for cytospin smears
Ninety Five Percent Alcohol
183
What type of urine specimen is sufficient for males in cytology
Voided Urine
184
What urine specimen is recommended for females in cytology
Catheterized Specimen
185
What urine specimens can be collected from bladder or renal pelvis
Washings
186
Why should first voided urine be discarded in cytology
Overnight Degeneration of Cells
187
Which urine sample is preferred for cytologic examination
Second Urine or Early Morning and Another Later in Day
188
What is the recommended volume of urine sample for cytology
At Least Fifty Milliliters
189
What is the diagnostic yield of urine cytology for urothelial carcinomas
Very Low
190
What condition makes low grade urothelial carcinomas indistinguishable from reactive urothelial hyperplasia
Cytologic Similarity
191
What centrifuge speed and duration is used for protein-poor fluids like urine and cerebrospinal fluid
Ten Minutes at Six Hundred g
192
What is done after centrifugation of protein-poor fluids
Pour Off Supernatant and Drain Sediment on Paper Toweling
193
What device is used to agitate sediment after centrifugation
Vortex Mixer
194
What volume of sediment is aspirated for cytocentrifuge preparation
Three Microliters
195
What fixative solution is used with sediment for cytospin preparations
Two Percent Carbowax in Alcohol
196
How much fixative solution is added to sediment for cytospin
Four Hundred Microliters
197
What is the spin time for cytocentrifuge chamber in cytospin preparation
Five Minutes
198
How long are cytospin slides air-dried after centrifugation
Ten to Thirty Minutes
199
How long are cytospin slides rinsed in ninety five percent alcohol before staining
Ten Minutes
200
What is the fixed sediment method for preparation of cell blocks
Mix Sediment in Fixative Centrifuge Ten Minutes Drain Remove Sediment Wrap in Lens Paper Place in Tissue Cassette Fix in Same Fixative Process as Tissue
201
What is the recommended fixation time and concentration for ethanol fixation of smears
Three to Five Minutes in Ninety Five Percent Ethanol
202
What smears can ethanol fixation be used for
Vaginal Cervical Endometrial Aspiration Prostatic Breast and Aspiration Biopsy Smears
203
What are equivalent alcohol concentrations for cell fixation
Ninety Five Percent Ethanol Ether Alcohol Mixture One Hundred Percent Methanol Eighty Percent Propanol and Isopropanol Denatured Alcohol
204
What type of fixatives are sprayed or applied with droppers to fresh smears and useful for mailing
Coating Fixatives
205
What are examples of coating fixatives
Polyethylene Glycol Carbowax and Diaphane Fixative
206
What is the recommended procedure before staining when water-soluble coating fixatives are used
Remove by Two Dishes of Ninety Five Percent Ethyl Alcohol for Five to Ten Minutes Each
207
How are air-dried gynecologic smears rehydrated before Papanicolaou staining
Fifty Percent Glycerin for Three Minutes Followed by Two Rinses in Ninety Five Percent Ethyl Alcohol
208
How are air-dried nongynecologic smears rehydrated
Normal Saline After Arrival in Laboratory
209
What is the glycerine method for mailing unstained smears
Fix in Ninety Five Percent Ethyl Alcohol for Fifteen Minutes Add One or Two Drops of Glycerin Cover with Clean Slide Wrap in Wax Paper Mail in Suitable Container
210
What are special purpose fixatives valuable for preserving nuclear features in small samples
Neutral Buffered Formaldehyde Solution and Bouin’s Solution
211
What fixative is used for cytologic evaluation and flow cytometry on urine and bladder washings
Methanol Acetic Acid Fixative with Twenty to One Ratio
212
What fixative is suitable for storage of fine needle aspirates
Balanced Salt Solutions
213
What fixative is used for fixation of smears and cell block samples
Formol Alcohol
214
What is Saccomanno’s fixative composition
Fifty Percent Alcohol and Approximately Two Percent Carbowax
215
What is the melting point range of Carbowax 1540 used in Saccomanno’s fixative
Forty Three to Forty Six Degrees Celsius
216
What is Carnoy’s fixative used for
Hemolyzing Red Blood Cells in Bloody Specimens
217
What is the procedure for using Carnoy’s fixative on bloody smears
Place in Carnoy’s Fixative for Three to Five Minutes Until Sediment is Colorless Then Transfer to Ninety Five Percent Ethanol
218
What is the staining method of choice for exfoliative cytology used in gynecologic and non-gynecologic specimens
Papanicolaou Stain
219
What type of staining results in well stained nuclear chromatin differential cytoplasmic counterstaining and cytoplasmic transparency
Polychrome Staining
220
What are the five dyes used in classic Papanicolaou stain
Hematoxylin Orange G Six Eosin Azure Light Green SF Bismarck Brown Y
221
What dye in Papanicolaou stain is used as a nuclear stain
Hematoxylin
222
What dye in Papanicolaou stain stains keratin in keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
Orange G Six
223
What dye in Papanicolaou stain stains superficial epithelial squamous cells nucleoli cilia and red blood cells
Eosin Azure
224
What dye in Papanicolaou stain stains the cytoplasm of other cells yellowish
Light Green SF
225
What color are nuclei after Papanicolaou staining
Blue or Black
226
What color is cytoplasm of non-keratinizing squamous cells after Papanicolaou staining
Blue or Green
227
What color are keratinizing cells after Papanicolaou staining
Pink or Orange
228
What Romanowsky stain is used in cytology for studying cell morphology in air-dried smears
May-Grunwald-Giemsa Stain
229
What stain is superior for nuclear staining compared to May-Grunwald-Giemsa
Papanicolaou Stain
230
What pH condition increases blue staining in May-Grunwald-Giemsa stain
Alkaline pH
231
What pH condition increases pink or reddish staining in May-Grunwald-Giemsa stain
Acidic pH
232
What should be avoided during May-Grunwald-Giemsa staining to prevent overstaining
Letting Specimen Dry
233
What is recommended to maintain stain quality in May-Grunwald-Giemsa staining
Filter Stains Daily and Renew Alcohol Regularly
234
What is the refractive index of mounting agents used in cytology
Approximately 1.5
235
What are advantages of mounting agents containing xylene
Optical Brilliance Good Drying Times No Air Bubbles Color Stability of Stained Slides
236
What cytologic technique studies cell surface antigens on smears imprints and cytocentrifuge preparations
Immunohistochemistry
237
What enzyme labels are commonly used in immunohistochemistry
Peroxidase and Alkaline Phosphatase
238
What is a common limitation of immunohistochemistry for intracellular antigens
False Negative Immunoperoxidase Results
239
What storage temperatures are suitable for samples processed for DNA and protein analysis
Room Temperature Four Degrees Celsius and Minus Twenty Degrees Celsius
240
What molecular techniques can be performed on stored cytology samples
Polymerase Chain Reaction and Direct Sequencing Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
241
What is essential to ensure proper cytologic diagnosis besides specimen collection
Completeness of Data Proper Labeling Proper Fixation Smear Preparation and Staining
