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history 2021 june mocks > FACTOR QUESTION > Flashcards

FACTOR QUESTION Flashcards

1
Q

what topics for science and technology?

A
  • Early modern: Paré
  • 19th Century: Pasteur
  • 20th Century: Fleming
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2
Q

what topics for war?

A

Medical Period: Crusades (1100-1300)
19th Century: Franco-Prussian Rivalry (1870)
20th Century: WW1 (1914-1918)

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3
Q

what topics for individuals?

A

Medieval Period: Ibn al-Nafis
Early Modern: Edward Jenner
19th Century: Paul Ehrlich

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4
Q

what topics for chance?

A

Medival:Barber Surgeon
Early Modern: Edward Jenner
19th Century: Chicken Cholera

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5
Q

what topics for communication?

A

Medieval: Avicenna
Early Modern: William Harvey
20th Century: Florey and Chain

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6
Q

what topics for government?

A

Medieval: The Mayor of Coventry
Early Modern: Edward Jenner
20th Century: NHS

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7
Q

what were the topics for religion and superstition ?

A

Medieval: Church set up hospitals
Early Modern: Opposition to Vaccination
20th Century: Acupuncture

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8
Q

when did ambroise paré run out of oil?

A

at the siege of Milan in 1536

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9
Q

what did paré use instead of oil?

A

used oil to cauterise wounds

mixed egg yolk, turpentine and oil of roses to dress wounds

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10
Q

why was paré significant?

A

alternative way of treating medicine, less painful and more successful
BUT catholic church still supported and encouraged Galen’s work

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11
Q

what did pasteur do?

A

discovered germ theory
combatted beliefs of people in the 19th century (miasma + 4 Humours)
pasteurisation , microorganisms responsible for disease, develop effective vaccines to specific diseases

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12
Q

why was pasteur significant?

A

proved germs came from the air and could be prevented from entering liquid
Ehrlich and Koch developed

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13
Q

when were CAT scanners invented?

A

1973

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14
Q

when were MRI scanners invented?

A

1987

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15
Q

when was keyhole surgery?

A

1980s

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16
Q

what were the 20th Century discoveries?

A

X rays, CAT scanners, MRI scanners, key hole surgery

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17
Q

what did Fleming discover?

A

penicillin was a natural antiseptic ( antibiotic)

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18
Q

why is 20th Century medicine significant?

A

improve diagnosis, treatment of medicine in surgery

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19
Q

when was the Crusades?

A

1100-1300

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20
Q

what happened in the crusades?

A

christians came into contact with more advanced islamic medical texts, while in the middle east they brought ideas and books (Canon of Medicine) back with them

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21
Q

why was the crusades significant?

A

influenced better hygiene, medicines and surgical procedures

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22
Q

when was the Franco- Prussian rivalry?

A

1870

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23
Q

what happened in the Franco- Prussian war?

A

French + Germans (Prussians) gone to war
Germans won, hatred between 2 countries
Led to rivalry between Koch (German) and Pasteur (French) to be the best scientists and to develop germ theory to the furthest

24
Q

why wear the franco- prussian rivalry significant?

A

constantly pushed each other for national pride in the 1880s, led to big advancements

25
Q

what happened in WW1 ?

A

lots of developments:
Thomas Splint were used for broken legs
Massive as in 1914 80% with broken femurs died and by 1916, 80% survived
1901, Karl Landsteiner discovered different blood groups

26
Q

why was WW1 significant?

A

pushed advancements, pressure and blood transfusions still used and massively significant

27
Q

why was Ibn al-Nafis important ?

A

anatomical discovery about pulmonary circulation

discovered how blood circulated through the heart which disproved Galen’s theory on types of blood

28
Q

why was Ibn al-Nafis significant?

A

opposed major influence Galen, still right to this day

29
Q

why was Edward Jenner important?

A

heard milkmaids with cowpox never caught smallpox so injected James Phipps with cowpox pus then once recovered small pox pus

30
Q

why was Edward Jenner significant?

A

1840 vaccines free for all infants and 1853 compulsory for all, other diseases wiped out like polio and measles

31
Q

why was Paul Ehrlich important?

A

known for Salvarsan 606 which was developed in 1910, first effective treatment for syphilis
known as “magic bullets” carefully designed drugs to target specific germs causing that illness and having little or no effect on any other part of the human body

32
Q

why was Ehrlich significant?

A

built on ideas of pasteur and koch, antibodies are significant

33
Q

what did barber surgeons do?

A

treated tooth worms, using hot wire and put it into the cavity to kill the tooth worm making the holes
effective: killed the nerve, killing the pain

34
Q

why were barber surgeons significant?

A

treated those who were suffering, knowledge could be built on this, no real understanding

35
Q

when was chicken cholera a problem for French Farmers?

A

1879

36
Q

how did pasteur cure chicken cholera?

A

isolated the germ and weakened it, injected chickens with various forms
solution accidentally left, resulting in discovery that the exposure to air had weakened the germs

37
Q

why was chicken cholera significant?

A

chamberlain (assistant) injected this solution causing the chicken to be immune, major leap towards other scientific discoveries

38
Q

how did the church play a part in the improvement of medicine?

A

central part of christian duty, look after poor and sick
led to church playing huge part, developing hospitals (over 160) in 12th and 13th centuries
also set up university schools of medicine in Europe

39
Q

why were churches hugely significant?

A

doctors train and treat illness and wounds expanding their knowledge
limitation: small, refused to take in very sick or women

40
Q

what was the opposition to vaccination?

A

many religious people believed that smallpox was Gods punishment for being sinners and thought it was wrong to limit the spread
- Others thought unnatural to put cow pox pus into your body, maybe turn into cow

41
Q

what is acupuncture?

A

traditional chinese method by sticking needles into patients to help flow of energy

42
Q

who was acupuncture opposed by?

A

British Medical Association, homeopathy as witchcraft and nonsense

43
Q

why was acupuncture significant?

A

1 in 10 doctors now prescribe alternative medicine, despite being controversial had an impact

44
Q

why was avicenna important?

A

wrote “Canon of Medicine” and “Book of Healing”
combination of his own ideas and Galen and Hippocrates
- used as well throughout 17th Century (textbook) and work translated into latin, widely used in the West

45
Q

why was Avicenna significant?

A

foundation of knowledge, people learnt his work

46
Q

why was William Harvey important?

A

wrote “On the Motion of the Heart” which challenged Galen,
discovered how the blood pumped around the heart in a circular motion, proved blood pumping on a persons forearm
long term helped the understanding of the heart and kidney disease

47
Q

why was william harvey significant?

A

helped with the discovery of capillaries 60 years later = advancement

48
Q

what did florey and chain do?

A

built on Flemings work and turned their laboratory into a penicillin producing factory
US government paid did companies to produce vast quantities in WW1 and 250,000 soldiers were treated, 15% would’ve died without the drug

49
Q

why were Florey and Chain significant?

A

penicillin and antibiotics widely used today and know as the “wonder drug”

50
Q

Edward Jenner (government) facts

A

continued to work on vaccination, 1802 awarded £10,000 by the government for his work and further £20,000 in 1807 after Total College of Physicians confirmed how effective vaccination was

51
Q

why was Edward Jenner significant (government)

A

despite opposition from parents, made vaccines free for infants in 1840 and compulsory for all in 1853, which really stopped the spread for disease

52
Q

what happened in Coventry?

A

1421, proclaimed every man clean the street in front of his house or 12 penny fine
-all toilets and water were banned from rivers to allow clean water, water disposal locations and dung hills

53
Q

why was Coventry greatly significant?

A

people less susceptible to disease but quality of life was better, big step

54
Q

who set up the NHS and when?

A

1948, Labour Government

55
Q

what did the NHS cause?

A

GP = free, paid for via direct taxation

life expectancy from 66-83 for women and 64-79 for men

56
Q

when were vaccinations free for infants then compulsory?

A

1840, 1853

history 2021 june mocks (14 decks)

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