Factors affect EWT: Misleading information Flashcards
(34 cards)
Who conducted a study into the effects of leading questions on EWT?
Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer (1974).
In Loftus and Palmer’s 1st study (1974), what was the IV and how many conditions of the IV were there?
The IV was the ‘critical’ verb used, there were 5 different conditions of the IV.
Which research method was used in Loftus and Palmer’s 1st study (1974)?
A lab experiment.
In Loftus and Palmer’s 1st study (1974) which IV condition caused the highest speed estimate?
Smashed.
What is EWT?
The ability of people to remember the details of events which they have observed.
What is a leading question?
A question which is phrased in a way to suggest a certain answer or view is correct.
In Loftus and Palmer’s 1st study (1974) which IV condition caused the lowest speed estimate?
Contacted.
Which research design was used in Loftus and Palmer’s 1st study (1974)?
Independent groups design.
Name all of the IV conditions used in Loftus and Palmer’s 1st study (1974):
Smashed, Collided, Bumped, Hit and Contacted.
Who created the study: Reconstruction of automobile destruction?
Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer (1974).
In Loftus and Palmer’s 1st study (1974), what was the DV and how was it measured?
The estimated speed of the car before collision, the participants gave it as an estimate in miles per hour (mph).
What was the conclusion to Loftus and Palmer’s 1st study (1974)?
The ‘critical’ verb used changed the participants estimate of car speed.
What was the largest effect that was seen on the DV when changing the ‘critical’ verb.
The difference between ‘smashed’ and ‘contacted’ was 9 mph.
What did Loftus and Palmer conclude about the effect of leading questions on EWT?
They concluded that leading questions can have a massive effect on the EWT, participants recalled the speed of a car vary differently when once word was altered in the question.
Describe Loftus and Palmer’s study (1974):
- Participants were all shown the same video of a car crashing, they were then asked a question about how fast the cars where going when they _____ each other,
- There was 5 conditions for the verb being used, the estimated speed was changed greatly when the critical verb changed.
In Loftus and Palmer’s 2nd study (1974), what was the IV?
The ‘critical’ verb used.
In Loftus and Palmer’s 2nd study (1974), what was the DV?
Whether they claimed to see broken glass.
What were the findings of In Loftus and Palmer’s 2nd study (1974)?
The participants who heard ‘smashed’ were more likely to report seeing broken glass than those who heard ‘hit’.
What is post-event discussion?
When co-witnesses to a crime discuss it with each other, this may cause their eyewitness testimonies to become contaminated.
How may testimonies become contaminated through post-event discussion?
Because they combine (mis)information from the other witnesses with their own memories.
Who demonstrated the effects of post-event discussion in their study?
Fiona Gabbert et al. (2003).
Describe the study of Gabbert et al. (2003):
- Ptps watched a video of the same crime, but filmed from different viewpoints,
- This meant that only certain witnesses could see some details (title of the book being carried etc.),
- Participants then discussed what they had seen before recalling it individually,
- 71% of participants recalled aspects of the crime they could not have seen in their pov.
- Control group (no discussions) was 0% inaccuracy.
What was the research design used by Gabbert et al. (2003)?
Matched pairs.
What is memory conformity?
Gabbert et al. (2003) concluded that witnesses often go along with each other, either to win social approval or because they believe other witnesses are right and they are wrong.
