Types of long-term memory

Question 1

Who was the psychologist that realised the the multi-stores model’s view of the LTM was too simplistic and inflexible?

Answer 1

Endel Tulving (1985).

Question 2

What did Tulving propose about the LTM?

Answer 2

He proposed there was 3 LTM stores, each containing quite different types of information. He called them episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory.

Question 3

What is episodic memory?

Answer 3

The ability to recall private and personal events (episodes) that occurred, including people, objects, places and behaviours.

Question 4

What is semantic memory?

Answer 4

The store for our knowledge of the world, including facts and our knowledge of what words and concepts mean.

Question 5

What were the 3 memory stores proposed by Tulving?

Answer 5

• Episodic,
• Semantic,
• Procedural.

Question 6

What is procedural memory?

Answer 6

The store for our knowledge of how to do things, including learned skills and procedures.

Question 7

The meaning of words would be stored as what type of memory?

Answer 7

Semantic memory.

Question 8

What are the three types of LTM?

Answer 8

• Semantic,
• Episodic,
• Procedural.

Question 9

Which type of memory has been likened to a combination of a dictionary and encylopedia?

Answer 9

Semantic memory.

Question 10

Which type of memory is conscious effort usually required to recall information from?

Answer 10

Episodic and Semantic memory.

Question 11

A music concert would be stored as what type of memory?

Answer 11

Episodic memory.

Question 12

Which type of memory has been likened to a diary, recording daily happenings?

Answer 12

Episodic memory.

Question 13

Which type of memory is usually recalled from without the need for conscious effort?

Answer 13

Procedural memory.

Question 14

Which type of memories are ‘time-stamped’?

Answer 14

Episodic memory.

Question 15

What a dog eats would be stored as what type of memory?

Answer 15

Semantic memory.

Question 16

A concept would be stored as what type of memory?

Answer 16

Semantic memory.

Question 17

A visit to the dentist would be stored as what type of memory?

Answer 17

Episodic memory.

Question 18

Episodic memories are ‘time-stamped’, are semantic memories also ‘time-stamped’?

Answer 18

No, semantic memories have no time order.

Question 19

Which type of memory is most personal?

Answer 19

Episodic memory is mostly based upon personal experiences.

Question 20

Episodic memories are ‘time-stamped’, what does this mean?

Answer 20

You can remember when they happened, (whether it be last week or last year), aswell as what happened.

Question 21

A psychology lesson would be stored as what type of memory?

Answer 21

Episodic memory.

Question 22

How to drive a car would be stored as what type of memory?

Answer 22

Procedural memory.

Question 23

Which type of memory is least personal?

Answer 23

Semantic memory is mostly based upon shared facts and concepts.

Question 24

A trip to a theme park would be stored as what type of memory?

Answer 24

Episodic memory.

Question 25

Which type of memory is typically the hardest to explain?

Answer 25

Procedural memory because they are typically autonomous and we do not think about them.

Question 26

Brushing your teeth would be stored as what type of memory?

Answer 26

Procedural memory.

Question 27

The taste of an orange would be stored as what type of memory?

Answer 27

Semantic memory.

Question 28

AO3 - Clinical evidence.

Answer 28

The case studies of HM and Clive Wearing both had great difficulty recalling past events but their semantic and procedural memories were relatively unaffected. This meant that in Clive Wearing’s case eh could read music, sing and play piano but not understand the concept of a ‘dog’. This supports the idea of multiple LTM stores.

Question 29

What is declarative memory?

Answer 29

Explicit memories that are easy to put into words.

Question 30

AO3 - Real-life applications.

Answer 30

Belleville (2006) demonstrated that episodic memories could be improved in older people who had a mild cognitive impairment. The trained participants performed better than a control group on an episodic memory test, this meant that certain types of memory can be identified and treated.

Question 31

Which types of long-term memory are non-declarative?

Answer 31

Procedural memory.

Question 32

Which memory is an autobiographical record of personal experience?

Answer 32

Episodic memory.

Question 33

Which types of long-term memory are declarative?

Answer 33

Semantic memory and Episodic memory.

Question 34

AO3 - Problems with clinical evidence.

Answer 34

Clive Wearing and Henry Molaison have provided lots of information about damage to memory, however, there is a serious lack of control of many variables in clinical studies.

Question 35

Which type of memory is involved in language and speaking?

Answer 35

Procedural memory.

Question 36

Some research has linked the semantic memory to which brain structure?

Answer 36

Hippocampus.