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AP psychology > Fall Midterm Review > Flashcards

Fall Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

Focus on the behaviors you exhibit
-BF. Skinner, John B. Watson

A

Behaviorism

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2
Q

-Most of your feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called the unconscious
-Instincts and desires explain behaviors/ thoughts
-Sigmund Freud

A

Psychoanalysis

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3
Q

-important contributions that society makes to individual development
-suggests that human learning is largely a social process
-Lev Vygotsky

A

Social-cultural

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4
Q

-brain, body chemistry, neurotransmitters, memories, and sensory experiences
-Dr. John Harlow, Darwin, Jane Goodall

A

Biological

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5
Q

Study of mental processes such as “attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity and thinking
-Jean Piaget, Broca, Weirnicke

A

Cognitive

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6
Q

Emphasizes empathy and stresses the good in human behavior
-Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

A

Humanistic

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7
Q

Essentially takes the “best” aspects of all previous perspectives and applies them into one approach.

A

Biopsychosocial

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8
Q

Study of human nature trying to discover the psychological adaptations that evolved to solve ancestral survival and reproductive problems
-we inherited those behaviors from the ancestors
-darwin

A

Evolutionary

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9
Q

APA’s Ethical guidelines

A

-informed consent
-Limited, if any, deception
-Deception debriefing (to be fully ethical, ALL the experimenters debrief the participants aftwerwards)
-Protection from harm or discomfort
-anonymity
-no coercion (participants cannot be coerced to give consent to be in any study)

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10
Q

The measurement of the variables go in the same direction

A

Positive correlation

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11
Q

The measurement of the variables go in the opposite direction

A

Negative correlation

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12
Q

A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus how well either factor predicts the other.

A

Correlation coefficient

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13
Q

The phenomenon in which some people experience a benefit after the administration of an inactive “lookalike” substance or treatment. This substance or placebo has no known medical effect.

A

Placebo effect

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14
Q

Refers to a belief or expectation that an individual holds about a future even that manifests because the individual holds it.

A

Self-fulfilling prophesy

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15
Q

The group is not exposed to the treatment

A

Control Group

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16
Q

The group that is exposed to the treatment- this group is manipulated
–This group is directly testing the hypothesis

A

Experimental Group

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17
Q

The variable that is being manipulated in the experiment

A

Independent variable

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18
Q

The variable that might change as a result of manipulation to the independent variable

A

Dependent Variables

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19
Q

The factor other than Independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

A

Confounding variables

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20
Q

A type of experiment or clinical study(trial) in which the experimenters are aware of which subjects are receiving the treatment or independent variable but the participants of the stud are not.

A

Single-Blind

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21
Q

Both the experimenters and participants are unaware of who is receiving the independent variable and who is not

A

Double-Blind

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22
Q

The tendency to believe after learning the outcome, that we would have foreseen it
-“I knew it all along”

A

HIghndsight Bias

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23
Q

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions without research, evidence, or support
-allows scientists to answer higher-level questions- not just the “what”, but more importantly the “how”, “why”, and identifying the significance

A

Critical thinking

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24
Q

A testable prediction, often as a result of a theory

A

Hypothesis

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25
Q

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
-increases the research findings are similar conclusions-assuming the research findings are similar

A

Replication

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26
Q

A part of the sampling technique in which each sample has an equal probability of being chosen

A

Random sample

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27
Q

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal conclusions

A

case study

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28
Q

A technique for obtaining the attitudes, behaviors, or thoughts of a particular group, usually by questionnaires

A

Survey

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29
Q

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

A

Naturalistic observation

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30
Q

Correlation vs causation

A

Correlation does NOT imply causation
Correlation does NOT cause/effect relationship

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31
Q

Studying groups of participants of different ages and comparing them to draw conclusions about age (studying a group of freshmen vs seniors)

A

Cross-sectional study

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32
Q

Studying groups of participants over a number of years (high school freshman through their high school career)

A

Longitudinal Study

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33
Q

Released by motor neurons. Stimulates muscle contraction; involved in attention memory, learning, and intellectual functioning
-deficit= Alzheimer’s disease
-surplus= severe muscle spasms

A

Acetylcholine

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34
Q

Pleasurable sensations involved in voluntary movement, attention, and learning
-deficit= Parkinson’s disease
-surplus= schizophrenia drug addiction

A

Dopamine

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35
Q

moods and emotional states, hunger, regulation of sleep, and wakefulness (arousal)
-deficit= depression, mood disorders
-surplus= autism

A

serotonin

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36
Q

used for arousal in the fight-flight response, modulation of mood plays a role in learning and memory retrieval
-deficit= mental disorders, especially depression
-surplus=anxiety

A

norepinephrine

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37
Q

helps to offset excitatory messages and regulate daily sleep-wake cycles
-deficit= anxiety, seizures, tremors, and insomnia
-surplus= sleep and eating disorders

A

GABA

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38
Q

involved in pain perception and positive emotions. similar to the opiate family of drugs
-deficit= body experiences pain
-surplus= body may not give adequate warning about pain. artificial highs

A

Endorphins

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39
Q

used in memory, learning, and movement, helps messages cross the synapse more efficiently
-surplus= too much glutamate (too little GABA) epileptic seizures

A

Glutamate

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40
Q

controls functions of the body by gathering sensory info- brain and spinal cord

A

nervous system

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41
Q

brain, brainstem, spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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42
Q

system of nerves that link to the brain and spinal cord

A

Peripheral nervous system

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43
Q

the chemical system made up of glands that secrete hormones into our bloodstream

A

Endocrine system

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44
Q

hormones that stimulate other glands- master gland- hypothalamus controls it
fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating

A

Pituitary gland

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45
Q

Produces melatonin; regulates circadian rhythms (our internal clock, 24 hour hour mode)

A

Pineal gland

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46
Q

Metabolism, growth/ development

A

Thyroid gland

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47
Q

regulate the amount of calcium in bloodstream

A

Parathyroid hormone

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48
Q

controls fight/flight response

A

adrenal gland

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49
Q

produces insulin (digestion) and glucagon, regulates blood sugar levels

A

pancreas

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50
Q

reproductive organs in the male and female
promotes growth

A

testis and ovaries

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51
Q

somatosensory cortex (touch sensations)

A

parietal Lobe

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52
Q

primarily responsible for visual processing

A

occipital lobe

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53
Q

primary motor cortex for visual processing (color recognition)

A

frontal Lobe

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54
Q

auditory center; smell processing

A

temporal lobe

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55
Q

controls autonomic systems (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- biological clock

A

hypothalamus

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56
Q

formation of long-term memories

A

hippocampus

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57
Q

Speech production/formation

A

broca’s area

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58
Q

language interpretation and sentence formation (Left)

A

Wernicke’s area

59
Q

mimic or copycat
produces more of an enhanced effect for what a neurotransmitter does

A

agonist

60
Q

blocks the neurotransmitter
produces no effect

A

antagonist

61
Q

excites the nerve cell and makes it able to receive critical information

A

excitatory

62
Q

an agent that slows down or interferes with a chemical action

A

Inhibitory

63
Q

Motor control,movement, balance

A

cerebellum

64
Q

controls automatic (Involuntary) functions: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

A

medulla

65
Q

a region in the brain stem that is involved in multiple tasks such as regulating the sleep-wake cycle and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli.

A

reticular formation

66
Q

Railroad worker who had a pole shoved through his head which caused his personality to change

A

Phineas Gage

67
Q

uses X-ray to produce two-dimensional images of organs, bones, and tissues.

A

computed tomography (CT scan)

68
Q

uses computer-generated radio waves and a powerful magnetic field to produce detailed images of body tissues

A

magnetic resonance image (MRI)

69
Q

scans provide two- and three- dimensional pictures of brain activity by measuring radioactive isotopes that are injected into the bloodstream.

A

positron emission tomography (PET)

70
Q

involves the removal and examination of a small piece of tissue from the body

A

Biopsy

71
Q

monitors the brain’s electrical activity through the skull.

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)

72
Q

can see specific functions of the parts of your brain

A

Function MRI (FMRI)

73
Q

voluntary movements

A

Somatic

74
Q

involuntary movements

A

Autonomic

75
Q
  1. sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate
  2. eardrum vibration goes the hammer, anvil, and stirrup bones which turn weak vibrations into stronger vibrations which helps with processing
  3. stirrup –> cochlea a (fluid-filled membrane); vibration move hair cells (basil Membrane)
  4. hair cells connected to neurons combine to alert the auditory nerves
  5. auditory nerve—-> temporal love- makes us consciously aware of sounds
A

Human hearing process

76
Q

the bodily structures that serve the sense of smell.

A

Olfactory system

77
Q

responsible for the perception of taste and flavour.

A

Gustation

78
Q

Organization and interpretation of sensations

A

Perception

79
Q

conversion of physical energy from the environment into neural signals (encoding)

A

sensation

80
Q

focus awareness on a limited aspect of your sense experience

A

selective attention

81
Q

weakest level of a stimulus that can be correctly detected 50% of the time

A

absolute threshold

82
Q

ability to correctly detect a specific stimuli w/other distractions/stimuli happening

A

signal-detection

83
Q

Individual requires more effort-focused attention to identifying several aspects of the object

A

feature-integration

84
Q

Interpreting sensory info in “real-time”
-does not require use of previous experiences

A

Bottom-up processing

85
Q

perception of stimuli requires the use of expectations and prior experiences

A

Top-down processing

86
Q

Whole is greater than the sum of its parts

A

Gestalt theory

87
Q

a scientific theory about the psychological perception of pain. The spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain (then actually processing pain sensations)

A

Gate Theory

88
Q

When light hits the retina (a light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye), special cells called photoreceptors turn the light into electrical signals. These electrical signals travel from the retina through the optic nerve to the brain. Then the brain turns the signals into the images you see.Apr 20, 2022

A

human vision process

89
Q

Look to identify the causes of mental/emotional disorders. Looks to diagnose and treat mental/emotional disorders

A

Clinical Psychology

90
Q

Workplace productivity and making sure employees are efficient and mentally healthy. Work with individuals/groups to ensure productivity

A

Industrial-Organizational

91
Q

Directly deals with scientific and criminal investigation of criminals

A

Forensic Psych

92
Q

Assist with the treatment and therapy of individuals or groups dealing with mental issues. Typically looking to resolve daily issues

A

Counseling Psych

93
Q

Helps professional athletes deal with the stress/pressure of their career. Assist in overcoming mental issues athletes deal with

A

Sports Psych

94
Q

Conduct research to design and analyze trends in advertising and consumerism

A

Consumer Psych

94
Q

Helping Students deal with stress/pressure

A

School Educational

94
Q

Deals with the development of individuals over a courser of time

A

Developmental psych

94
Q

First psychological laboratory and his concept of introspection (Looking inside one’s own mind and emotions).

A

Willhelm Wundt

94
Q

Wrote the principles of psychology and discussed functionalism (purpose or functions of the mind, behavior, and individual differences.

A

William James

94
Q

Founded structuralism-understanding the structures of the brain. (William Wundt’s student)

A

Edward B. Titchener

94
Q

Controls automatic (involuntary functions: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure)

A

Medulla

94
Q

Part of the brainstem- hearing, taste, sleep cycle, wakefulness

A

Pons

95
Q

motor control, movement, balance

A

Cerebellum

96
Q

Relays sensory information

A

Thalamus

97
Q

Amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus

A

Limbic System

98
Q

Formation of long term memories

A

Hippocampus

99
Q

Center of emotions and motivations

A

Amygdala

100
Q

The largest part of the brain: 2 parts left and right hemispheres

A

cerebrum

101
Q

Outer layers of both hemispheres
4 lobes-parietal, occipital,frontal, temporal
Higher order processes:judgement, thinking , planning, and language

A

Cerebral cortex

102
Q

connecting the neurons between brain hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

103
Q

Arousal system of our body: stimulates the brain and body (fight or flight)

A

Sympathetic Nervous system

104
Q

Calms the brain and the body
Heart rate and breathing slow down, pupils constrict and digestion speeds back up.

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

105
Q

Organization and interpretation of sensations

A

Perception

106
Q

All things within one’s awareness at the present moment, information about one’s current environment/ self

A

Conscious

107
Q

Body’s automatic biological processes, like breathing and heart beat, which are controlled by the brain but are generally outside of one active awareness

A

non-conscious

108
Q

the unrepressed stored memories, thoughts, and information that can be recalled and moved from the unconscious to the conscious level in a matter of seconds

A

preconscious

109
Q

represents thoughts, desires, and urges actively repressed from consciousness and affect mental activity outside of active awareness

A

unconscious

110
Q

information beyond a person’s conscious awareness that affects mental processes (subliminal messages)

A

Subconscious

111
Q

Our bodies wear out during the day which means that sleep is necessary to restore these resources and reenergize the body

A

Rest and restoration

112
Q

Sleep restores and rebuilds our facing memories of the day’s experiences

A

Making memories

113
Q

sleep boosts thinking and learning

A

creativity

114
Q

Dreams express otherwise unacceptable feelings; psychic safety”

A

Wish-fulfillment

115
Q

Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate memories

A

Information Processing

116
Q

brain stimulation from REM sleeps helps develop/preserve neural pathways

A

Psychological functioning

117
Q

Dream is your brain trying to make sense out of random neural firings

A

Activation-synthesis

118
Q

Dream content reflects dreamer’s cognitive development

A

Cognitive Theory

119
Q

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (change consciousness)

A

Psychoactive Drum

120
Q

A physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

A

Physical dependence

121
Q

A psychological need to use a drug

A

Psychological dependence

122
Q

Slow down the activity of the central nervous system.
-Alcohol, barbiturates, opiates

A

Depressants

123
Q

Excite behavioral and mental activity.
-Amphetamines, methamphetamines, cocaine

A

Stimulant drugs

124
Q

Psychodelic (mind-changing) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images
-LSD, PCP(angel Dust), THC

A

Hallucinogens

125
Q

organization and interpretation of sensations
processing and becoming aware of sensations taking place and labeling them

A

perception

126
Q

The sensations of body rotation and of movement, arise in the inner ear
Keep our eyes fixated on a target even when our head is moving

A

Vestibular Senses

127
Q

Skin sensations, fingertips, lips, and face are especially sensitive and rich

A

Cutaneous receptors

128
Q

Neurotransmitters that send pain messages to the nervous system

A

Substance-P

129
Q

Focus on one distinguishing aspect of the object that is automatic and w/out conscious effort

A

Pre-attention

130
Q

Individual requires more effort-focused attention to identify several aspects of the object

A

Focused-attention

131
Q

Signals your wakefulness, arousal, attention

A

Reticular formation

132
Q

Day/Night cycles; body’s inner clock

A

circadian Rhythms

133
Q

Light sleep drift in/out and awakened easily

A

The first stage of sleep

134
Q

Eye movement stops, the brain slows, body temp and heart-rate decrease

A

Second Stage of sleep

135
Q

Deep sleep- sleep walking , talking, night terrors, bed-wetting, (delta waves)

A

Third Stage of sleep

136
Q

Extremely slow brain activity, deep sleep, and difficult to wake

A

Fourth Stage of sleep

137
Q

Intense dreaming and brain activity

A

REM sleep

AP psychology (3 decks)

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