Fall Midterm Review Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Focus on the behaviors you exhibit
-BF. Skinner, John B. Watson
A
Behaviorism
2
Q
-Most of your feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called the unconscious
-Instincts and desires explain behaviors/ thoughts
-Sigmund Freud
A
Psychoanalysis
3
Q
-important contributions that society makes to individual development
-suggests that human learning is largely a social process
-Lev Vygotsky
A
Social-cultural
4
Q
-brain, body chemistry, neurotransmitters, memories, and sensory experiences
-Dr. John Harlow, Darwin, Jane Goodall
A
Biological
5
Q
Study of mental processes such as “attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity and thinking
-Jean Piaget, Broca, Weirnicke
A
Cognitive
6
Q
Emphasizes empathy and stresses the good in human behavior
-Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
A
Humanistic
7
Q
Essentially takes the “best” aspects of all previous perspectives and applies them into one approach.
A
Biopsychosocial
8
Q
Study of human nature trying to discover the psychological adaptations that evolved to solve ancestral survival and reproductive problems
-we inherited those behaviors from the ancestors
-darwin
A
Evolutionary
9
Q
APA’s Ethical guidelines
A
-informed consent
-Limited, if any, deception
-Deception debriefing (to be fully ethical, ALL the experimenters debrief the participants aftwerwards)
-Protection from harm or discomfort
-anonymity
-no coercion (participants cannot be coerced to give consent to be in any study)
10
Q
The measurement of the variables go in the same direction
A
Positive correlation
11
Q
The measurement of the variables go in the opposite direction
A
Negative correlation
12
Q
A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus how well either factor predicts the other.
A
Correlation coefficient
13
Q
The phenomenon in which some people experience a benefit after the administration of an inactive “lookalike” substance or treatment. This substance or placebo has no known medical effect.
A
Placebo effect
14
Q
Refers to a belief or expectation that an individual holds about a future even that manifests because the individual holds it.
A
Self-fulfilling prophesy
15
Q
The group is not exposed to the treatment
A
Control Group
16
Q
The group that is exposed to the treatment- this group is manipulated
–This group is directly testing the hypothesis
A
Experimental Group
17
Q
The variable that is being manipulated in the experiment
A
Independent variable
18
Q
The variable that might change as a result of manipulation to the independent variable
A
Dependent Variables
19
Q
The factor other than Independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
A
Confounding variables
20
Q
A type of experiment or clinical study(trial) in which the experimenters are aware of which subjects are receiving the treatment or independent variable but the participants of the stud are not.
A
Single-Blind
21
Q
Both the experimenters and participants are unaware of who is receiving the independent variable and who is not
A
Double-Blind
22
Q
The tendency to believe after learning the outcome, that we would have foreseen it
-“I knew it all along”
A
HIghndsight Bias
23
Q
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions without research, evidence, or support
-allows scientists to answer higher-level questions- not just the “what”, but more importantly the “how”, “why”, and identifying the significance
A
Critical thinking
24
Q
A testable prediction, often as a result of a theory
A
Hypothesis
25
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
-increases the research findings are similar conclusions-assuming the research findings are similar
Replication
26
A part of the sampling technique in which each sample has an equal probability of being chosen
Random sample
27
An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal conclusions
case study
28
A technique for obtaining the attitudes, behaviors, or thoughts of a particular group, usually by questionnaires
Survey
29
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Naturalistic observation
30
Correlation vs causation
Correlation does NOT imply causation
Correlation does NOT cause/effect relationship
31
Studying groups of participants of different ages and comparing them to draw conclusions about age (studying a group of freshmen vs seniors)
Cross-sectional study
32
Studying groups of participants over a number of years (high school freshman through their high school career)
Longitudinal Study
33
Released by motor neurons. Stimulates muscle contraction; involved in attention memory, learning, and intellectual functioning
-deficit= Alzheimer's disease
-surplus= severe muscle spasms
Acetylcholine
34
Pleasurable sensations involved in voluntary movement, attention, and learning
-deficit= Parkinson's disease
-surplus= schizophrenia drug addiction
Dopamine
35
moods and emotional states, hunger, regulation of sleep, and wakefulness (arousal)
-deficit= depression, mood disorders
-surplus= autism
serotonin
36
used for arousal in the fight-flight response, modulation of mood plays a role in learning and memory retrieval
-deficit= mental disorders, especially depression
-surplus=anxiety
norepinephrine
37
helps to offset excitatory messages and regulate daily sleep-wake cycles
-deficit= anxiety, seizures, tremors, and insomnia
-surplus= sleep and eating disorders
GABA
38
involved in pain perception and positive emotions. similar to the opiate family of drugs
-deficit= body experiences pain
-surplus= body may not give adequate warning about pain. artificial highs
Endorphins
39
used in memory, learning, and movement, helps messages cross the synapse more efficiently
-surplus= too much glutamate (too little GABA) epileptic seizures
Glutamate
40
controls functions of the body by gathering sensory info- brain and spinal cord
nervous system
41
brain, brainstem, spinal cord
central nervous system
42
system of nerves that link to the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
43
the chemical system made up of glands that secrete hormones into our bloodstream
Endocrine system
44
hormones that stimulate other glands- master gland- hypothalamus controls it
fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating
Pituitary gland
45
Produces melatonin; regulates circadian rhythms (our internal clock, 24 hour hour mode)
Pineal gland
46
Metabolism, growth/ development
Thyroid gland
47
regulate the amount of calcium in bloodstream
Parathyroid hormone
48
controls fight/flight response
adrenal gland
49
produces insulin (digestion) and glucagon, regulates blood sugar levels
pancreas
50
reproductive organs in the male and female
promotes growth
testis and ovaries
51
somatosensory cortex (touch sensations)
parietal Lobe
52
primarily responsible for visual processing
occipital lobe
53
primary motor cortex for visual processing (color recognition)
frontal Lobe
54
auditory center; smell processing
temporal lobe
55
controls autonomic systems (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- biological clock
hypothalamus
56
formation of long-term memories
hippocampus
57
Speech production/formation
broca's area
58
language interpretation and sentence formation (Left)
Wernicke's area
59
mimic or copycat
produces more of an enhanced effect for what a neurotransmitter does
agonist
60
blocks the neurotransmitter
produces no effect
antagonist
61
excites the nerve cell and makes it able to receive critical information
excitatory
62
an agent that slows down or interferes with a chemical action
Inhibitory
63
Motor control,movement, balance
cerebellum
64
controls automatic (Involuntary) functions: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
medulla
65
a region in the brain stem that is involved in multiple tasks such as regulating the sleep-wake cycle and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli.
reticular formation
66
Railroad worker who had a pole shoved through his head which caused his personality to change
Phineas Gage
67
uses X-ray to produce two-dimensional images of organs, bones, and tissues.
computed tomography (CT scan)
68
uses computer-generated radio waves and a powerful magnetic field to produce detailed images of body tissues
magnetic resonance image (MRI)
69
scans provide two- and three- dimensional pictures of brain activity by measuring radioactive isotopes that are injected into the bloodstream.
positron emission tomography (PET)
70
involves the removal and examination of a small piece of tissue from the body
Biopsy
71
monitors the brain's electrical activity through the skull.
Electroencephalography (EEG)
72
can see specific functions of the parts of your brain
Function MRI (FMRI)
73
voluntary movements
Somatic
74
involuntary movements
Autonomic
75
1. sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate
2. eardrum vibration goes the hammer, anvil, and stirrup bones which turn weak vibrations into stronger vibrations which helps with processing
3. stirrup --> cochlea a (fluid-filled membrane); vibration move hair cells (basil Membrane)
4. hair cells connected to neurons combine to alert the auditory nerves
5. auditory nerve----> temporal love- makes us consciously aware of sounds
Human hearing process
76
the bodily structures that serve the sense of smell.
Olfactory system
77
responsible for the perception of taste and flavour.
Gustation
78
Organization and interpretation of sensations
Perception
79
conversion of physical energy from the environment into neural signals (encoding)
sensation
80
focus awareness on a limited aspect of your sense experience
selective attention
81
weakest level of a stimulus that can be correctly detected 50% of the time
absolute threshold
82
ability to correctly detect a specific stimuli w/other distractions/stimuli happening
signal-detection
83
Individual requires more effort-focused attention to identifying several aspects of the object
feature-integration
84
Interpreting sensory info in "real-time"
-does not require use of previous experiences
Bottom-up processing
85
perception of stimuli requires the use of expectations and prior experiences
Top-down processing
86
Whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Gestalt theory
87
a scientific theory about the psychological perception of pain. The spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain (then actually processing pain sensations)
Gate Theory
88
When light hits the retina (a light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye), special cells called photoreceptors turn the light into electrical signals. These electrical signals travel from the retina through the optic nerve to the brain. Then the brain turns the signals into the images you see.Apr 20, 2022
human vision process
89
Look to identify the causes of mental/emotional disorders. Looks to diagnose and treat mental/emotional disorders
Clinical Psychology
90
Workplace productivity and making sure employees are efficient and mentally healthy. Work with individuals/groups to ensure productivity
Industrial-Organizational
91
Directly deals with scientific and criminal investigation of criminals
Forensic Psych
92
Assist with the treatment and therapy of individuals or groups dealing with mental issues. Typically looking to resolve daily issues
Counseling Psych
93
Helps professional athletes deal with the stress/pressure of their career. Assist in overcoming mental issues athletes deal with
Sports Psych
94
Conduct research to design and analyze trends in advertising and consumerism
Consumer Psych
94
Helping Students deal with stress/pressure
School Educational
94
Deals with the development of individuals over a courser of time
Developmental psych
94
First psychological laboratory and his concept of introspection (Looking inside one's own mind and emotions).
Willhelm Wundt
94
Wrote the principles of psychology and discussed functionalism (purpose or functions of the mind, behavior, and individual differences.
William James
94
Founded structuralism-understanding the structures of the brain. (William Wundt's student)
Edward B. Titchener
94
Controls automatic (involuntary functions: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure)
Medulla
94
Part of the brainstem- hearing, taste, sleep cycle, wakefulness
Pons
95
motor control, movement, balance
Cerebellum
96
Relays sensory information
Thalamus
97
Amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus
Limbic System
98
Formation of long term memories
Hippocampus
99
Center of emotions and motivations
Amygdala
100
The largest part of the brain: 2 parts left and right hemispheres
cerebrum
101
Outer layers of both hemispheres
4 lobes-parietal, occipital,frontal, temporal
Higher order processes:judgement, thinking , planning, and language
Cerebral cortex
102
connecting the neurons between brain hemispheres
Corpus callosum
103
Arousal system of our body: stimulates the brain and body (fight or flight)
Sympathetic Nervous system
104
Calms the brain and the body
Heart rate and breathing slow down, pupils constrict and digestion speeds back up.
Parasympathetic nervous system
105
Organization and interpretation of sensations
Perception
106
All things within one's awareness at the present moment, information about one's current environment/ self
Conscious
107
Body's automatic biological processes, like breathing and heart beat, which are controlled by the brain but are generally outside of one active awareness
non-conscious
108
the unrepressed stored memories, thoughts, and information that can be recalled and moved from the unconscious to the conscious level in a matter of seconds
preconscious
109
represents thoughts, desires, and urges actively repressed from consciousness and affect mental activity outside of active awareness
unconscious
110
information beyond a person's conscious awareness that affects mental processes (subliminal messages)
Subconscious
111
Our bodies wear out during the day which means that sleep is necessary to restore these resources and reenergize the body
Rest and restoration
112
Sleep restores and rebuilds our facing memories of the day's experiences
Making memories
113
sleep boosts thinking and learning
creativity
114
Dreams express otherwise unacceptable feelings; psychic safety"
Wish-fulfillment
115
Dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate memories
Information Processing
116
brain stimulation from REM sleeps helps develop/preserve neural pathways
Psychological functioning
117
Dream is your brain trying to make sense out of random neural firings
Activation-synthesis
118
Dream content reflects dreamer's cognitive development
Cognitive Theory
119
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (change consciousness)
Psychoactive Drum
120
A physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Physical dependence
121
A psychological need to use a drug
Psychological dependence
122
Slow down the activity of the central nervous system.
-Alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Depressants
123
Excite behavioral and mental activity.
-Amphetamines, methamphetamines, cocaine
Stimulant drugs
124
Psychodelic (mind-changing) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images
-LSD, PCP(angel Dust), THC
Hallucinogens
125
organization and interpretation of sensations
processing and becoming aware of sensations taking place and labeling them
perception
126
The sensations of body rotation and of movement, arise in the inner ear
Keep our eyes fixated on a target even when our head is moving
Vestibular Senses
127
Skin sensations, fingertips, lips, and face are especially sensitive and rich
Cutaneous receptors
128
Neurotransmitters that send pain messages to the nervous system
Substance-P
129
Focus on one distinguishing aspect of the object that is automatic and w/out conscious effort
Pre-attention
130
Individual requires more effort-focused attention to identify several aspects of the object
Focused-attention
131
Signals your wakefulness, arousal, attention
Reticular formation
132
Day/Night cycles; body's inner clock
circadian Rhythms
133
Light sleep drift in/out and awakened easily
The first stage of sleep
134
Eye movement stops, the brain slows, body temp and heart-rate decrease
Second Stage of sleep
135
Deep sleep- sleep walking , talking, night terrors, bed-wetting, (delta waves)
Third Stage of sleep
136
Extremely slow brain activity, deep sleep, and difficult to wake
Fourth Stage of sleep
137
Intense dreaming and brain activity
REM sleep
