fallicies and rhetorics Flashcards
(56 cards)
politicians fallacy
We must do something. This is something. Therefore, we must do this.
•IF we do nothing THEN the world will end. We do something. Therefore, the world will not end.
•IF A THEN B. Not A. Therefore, not B.
im grunde denying the antecedent
belief bias
Possibly because of “BELIEF BIAS”–
the tendency to evaluate reasoning by how believable its constituents seem.
false consensus effect
A tendency to assume that attitudes held by us and our peers are held by society at large.
bandwagon effect
A tendency to align our belief system with the belief systems of those around us.
(E.g. the Asch effect: Perception is affected by what other people say they are perceiving.)
negativity bias
A tendency to assign more importance/credibility to information that is associated with negative emotion.
loss aversion
A tendency to assign more importance to arguments aimed at avoiding losses than acquiring gains.
availability bias
A tendency to endorse a belief depending
on the ease of with which one can recall examples
in-group bias
A tendency to favor or believe members of one’s in-group over out-group members. May take the form of automatically discounting arguments supporting the opinions of people who are “not one of us.”
fundamental attributions bias
A tendency to hold those who are “not one of us” especially blameworthy for their actions or responsible for their statements. A ist ein schlechter mensch denn er hat schlechte dinge gemacht–> kein gutes argument
obedience to authority
A tendency to endorse a belief because it is backed by an authority
overconfidence effect and better than average illusion
Cases where the subjective confidence in a judgment is greater than is objectively warranted.
ambiguities
e.g. People who lie frequently get into a lot of trouble.
grouping ambiguities
Fallacy of division: Arguing from collective differences to individual differences
Fallacy of composition: Arguing from individual differences to collective differences
E.g.
Preference for social over cognitive psychology preference for book, lecturer, practical, etc.
“Trump delivered a great, eloquent speech last night. Everyone awakened feeling refreshed.”
Ridicule/Sarcasm
I can say the opposite of what I mean and can still be sure that you understand me right, because this is just so obvious.
“Is Deborah generous? She’d give you her life savings if she thought you were in need.”
Hyperbole
“collateral damage” “stimulus package”
euphemism (making it sound less worse)
“junk food” “bail out”
dysphemism (making it sound more worse)
“An environmentalist is a tree-hugging extremist.”
rhetorical definition, a definition that uses emotive force to get you to feel a certain way about something
“The reason environmentalists won’t let you cut down a tree is they want to put everyone out of work.”
rhetorical explanation
“Your average environmentalist is about as smart as a toilet seat.”
rhetorical analogy
“What do you expect? She’s just a dumb blonde.”
stereotype
“Pornography is a problem, but we must protect free speech.”
downplayer
a word or phrase that is meant to reduce the importance of a topic
“Clearly, she shouldn’t have done that.”
proof surrogate, A claim masquerading as proof or evidence, when no such proof or evidence is actually being offered
“I didn’t say Bush invaded Iraq to help his friends in the oil industry. I just said his friends have done very well since the invasion.”
innuendo, a way to say something about something or someone without actually saying it outright
