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families and households Flashcards

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1
Q

Murdock’s view on family

A

SEER
sexual, economic, education and reproduction

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2
Q

Murdock evaluation (4)

A

ignores same sex families
families may have other functions e.g. love
Nayyar- the mothers brothers look after the children
Marxists argue it reproduces capitalism.

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3
Q

Parsons view on family

A

nuclear family is best
1. primary socialisation of children
2. stabilisation of adult personalities
also known as the warm bath theory

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4
Q

Parsons evaluation

A

rose- tinted, ignores abuse
ignores other family types
feminist (Browne) argues housework also causes stress leading to mental illness

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5
Q

what is pester power

A

when children pester their parents in order to get the newest thing/ what they want

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6
Q

what is keeping up with the jones’s

A

when you see what people around you have and therefore want it too

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7
Q

what is the family according to marxists
the family is a…

A

unit of consumption

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8
Q

who are the three key Marxist speakers

A

Engels, Althusser and Zaretsky

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9
Q

what is Engels argument

A

the family is like a business arrangement
men provide money etc while women act like a prostitute and provide an heir.
this keeps the wealth within the hands of the bourgeoisie.

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10
Q

what is an evaluation of Engels

A

it is not very romantic as it sees women as prostitutes
not all families want children
only talks about the nuclear family and ignores family diversity

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11
Q

what is Althusser’s argument

A

Althusser believes the family have the function of the ISA (ideological state apparatus) this is where the proletariat are taught that capitalism is right and prevents them from rebelling

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12
Q

what is an evaluation of Althusser

A

ignores social mobility in which families are given the ability to move social class if they work for it
as well as this feminists argue Marxists place too much emphasis on capitalism while ignoring other inequalities

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13
Q

what is Zaretsky’s argument

A

the family acts as a cushioning effect and the woman comforts the man when he comes home from the stress of the workplace
the family is also a place in which men get to be in charge, ‘the king of the castle’

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14
Q

what is an evaluation of Zaretsky

A

outdated as women now also work (duel earner families)
ignores the positives of the family

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15
Q

what is patriarchy

A

a society dominated by men

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16
Q

what do feminists believe are the roles of the family are

A

socialising girls to accept subservient roles and socialising women to accept the housewife role

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17
Q

what are the three types of feminism

A

liberal, radical and Marxist

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18
Q

how many women a week are killed by (ex) partners

A

3 a week

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19
Q

what do liberal feminists argue

A

things aren’t completely equal at the moment however they are improving through laws and policies e.g. Equal Pay Act 1970
Somerville argues that things are improving however recognises further changes need to be made

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20
Q

what is an evaluation of liberal feminists

A

radical feminists argue they are too happy with the changes already made and don’t recognise how wide gender inequality is

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21
Q

what do Marxist feminists argue

A

that women are exploited by both patriarchy and capitalism

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22
Q

what does Marxist feminist Ansley argue

A

women are the ‘takers of shit’

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23
Q

what does Marxist feminist Beechy argue

A
  1. women reproduce the labor force
    2.women are a ‘reserve army of cheap labour’
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24
Q

what do radical feminists argue

A

that women should live in matrifocal households (only women)

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25
what is an evaluation of radical feminists
they make all men look bad not all women want to live without men/ be a lesbian what happens to sons of mothers?
26
what is the triple shift
emotional work, career and domestic work
27
who argued the triple shift
Duncombe and Marsden
28
what is the new right preferred family
nuclear
29
what do the new right blame the decline of the nuclear family on (4)
teenage pregnancies, young offenders, emotional trauma and educational failure
30
what do the new right believe about single parent families
they are 'feckless' and rely on benefits (only have children for benefits)
31
what does Charles Murray argue
the welfare state has created a dependency culture he is scathing of lone parent families there is an 'underclass' in society that rely on benefits
32
what is an evaluation of the new right
they exaggerate the decline of the nuclear family they are extremely prejudice they only place blame upon women
33
what do postmodernists believe
there is no longer a dominant family type, serial monogamy is more popular
34
what is the supermarket of life
picking and changing your partner
35
what does beck-Gernsheim and Stacy argue
people are no longer bound by tradition
36
what does Stacy argue
'diverse, fluid and unresolved' diversity is here to stay and there is no normal/ best family
37
what is an evaluation of postmodernism
functionalists argue the family is unstable there isn't as much diversity as they claim they don't use any evidence e.g. statistics
38
who came up with the 'labelling theory'
Becker
39
what is labelling theory
when you give someone a label e.g. criminal. they are told they are criminal for so long that it becomes their master status, its all they are. they then self fulfill their prophecy and become a criminal
40
what experiment do we link with Jane Elliot
blue eyes brown eyes. told blue eyes they were great, they did great in school told brown eyes they were bad and they did bad swapped it around
41
what do functionalists Young and Willmott argue
that the family is symmetrical and jobs are shared equally
42
why does feminist Oakley criticise the symmetrical family?
she found that men only had to do one job a week to be involved in THE statistic as well as this women still found domestic labour to be their priority and responsibility
43
what does feminist Oakley argue
that domestic labour is hard, unrewarding and routine
44
what is the general marriage trend
decreasing
45
marriage statistic
213,122 heterosexual marriages in 2019, lowest since 1888
46
What percentage of marriage was religious in 2017
23%
47
why has marriage declined
secularisation, cost, changing role of women, fear of divorce, cohabitation, serial monogamy
48
what's the difference between an arranged marriage and a forced marriage
arranged marriages are consensual and do not break the law
49
what is a strength and weakness of an arranged marriage
s- no stress of finding a partner, parents would pick someone suitable w- maintains men's power over women, limits personal choice
50
what does Mead argue about cohabitation
that it is a trial for marriage 'probationary mariage'
51
what does Mcrae argue about cohabitation
is cohabitation that different to marriage?
52
what do Allan and Crow argue about cohabitation
contraception made it possible
53
why has cohabitation risen
change in social attitude, see your partners true colours, fear of divorce, secularisation
54
what are some limitations of cohabitation
Murphy- children of cohabitating parents are disadvantaged Wilson and Stutchbury- cohabitating is less stable
55
what are LAT's
living apart, together a couple which live separately
56
what is a reason for LAT's
habits that annoy each other etc.
57
is divorce increasing or decreasing
increasing
58
divorce statistic (2)
in 2021 there were 113,505 divorces a 9.6% increase from 2020 half of all marriages end in divorce
59
who are more at risk of divorces?
rushed marriage children of divorce financial problems
60
why has divorce increased
changing role of women, easier, less stigma etc.
61
1949 legal aid and advice act
those filing for divorce had to prove guilt
62
1969 divorce reform act
women could file for divorce without proof
63
why are birth and fertility rates dropping
contraception, changing role of women, decline in infant mortality rate
64
child mortality statistic
1990 22.5% would die before their 5th birthday, 2015 0.5%
65
why is here a decline in infant mortality
free healthcare, medical advancements, increased guidance e.g. midwifes
66
sue sharpe study
1976- girls priority love marriage children 1994- job, career, independancy
67
what is the life course
the sequence of events and actions in an individuals life history
68
what do Allan and Crow argue about the life course
it was a standard process and cycle which reset with your children however now multiple choices and paths are available
69
what is the personal life perspective
interactions between people in relationships and the networks that connects individuals
70
the work of May 2011
greater family diversity and people construct their own networks to develop their own needs
71
what is the benefit of a support network
have your best interest, fit your needs
72
What do the new right say welfare has created
A dependency culture
73
Why does the welfare state encourage women to have more children
Because they are given child benefits
74
New right statistic on lone parent families
Lone parent families are twice as likely to live in poverty
75
New right statistic on broken home
Children from broken homes are 9x more likely to become young offenders
76
Why do the new right despise divorce
It is too accessible, people don’t take marriage as serious and divorce undermines social stability
77
What do Rodger’s and Pryor argue (new right)
Children of divorce are more likely to suffer from behavioural problems, underachieve at school and turn to narcotics
78
What does Morgan argue (new right)
There is a link between lone parent families and rising crime rates
79
How do feminists criticise the new right
They argue divorce is a GOOD things which helps women leave exploitative and oppressive marriages
80
General evaluation of the new right (since revision)
They exaggerate the decline of the nuc fam Most lone parents want to work, they just find it difficult to fit it into their schedule
81
What policies impacted gender roles
Increased childcare 1998 Working families tax credit 2003 Shared parental leave 2015
82
What was the increased childcare 1998
Increased childcare to 12.5 hours for parents who wanted to be in paid employment
83
What was the working families tax credit 2003
Designed to encourage both partners to work rather than one stay at home
84
What was the shared parental leave 2015
They could share the 50 weeks of leave between the parents
85
How has policy impacted families
Changed childhood Changed expectations and stereotypes
86
Why is childbearing falling
Contraception, changing role of women, decline in infant mortality rate
87
Evaluation of Smart’s work
Some argues it’s too broad, are we ignoring what makes family special?
88
What are the 5 types of diversity according to the rapaports
Cultural, class, cohort, life cycle, organisational
89
Who argues about conjugal roles
Bott
90
Who argues there is now a prominent symmetrical family
Young and Willmott
91
What do Young and Willmott argue
There is a move toward joint conjugal roles with a ‘new man’ appearing 72% of husbands doing more housework
92
Who criticises Young and Willmott
Ann Oakley
93
What did Oakley find about Young and Willmott’s statistic
Men only had to do one household chore a week to be included in the stat
94
What did Oakley’s interview of 40 women find
Many found housework and childcare was their responsibility 67% look after sick children 72% women do the household cleaning
95
What did Leonard argue on women and domestic work
Women underestimate the time they spend on house work
96
What did pluck argue on men and housework
They overestimate how much time they spend in housework
97
What did edgell find about power relationships
Interviewed 38 couples where men argued they make the decisions as they are the breadwinner
98
AO2 of power relationships
Stacey Dooley sleeps over, trad wife
99
What did Barrett and Macintosh find about power relationships within the family
Men benefit more from women’s domestic work than women benefit from their financial work Men make the financial decisions
100
What does kempson argue on power relationships
Food and finances aren’t shared equally, women will often deny their own needs
101
What did Vogler and Paul find on money management
Men control the finances and when money is tight, women will go without
102
Causes of domestic violence
Childhood abuse Sports events Mental illness Substance abuse Patriarchy
103
What are some forms of domestic violence
Coercive, physical, both
104
How many domestic violence reports are made a minute
One
105
How many women will be victims of domestic violence
1 in 3
106
Why does Oakley argue men are more likely to be perpetrators of DV
because they are socialised into ‘male values’ revolving around violence and aggression
107
Why does Mac An Gmail argues DV occurs
Crisis of masculinity, they are undermined by powerful women and will reassert their masculinity through violence
108
Dobash and Dobash reason for dv
Familial ideology, if women aren’t fulfilling their role their will be ‘punishments’
109
Why do new right sociologists argue DV occurs
Occurs in dysfunctional families which divorce and cohabitation is to blame
110
Why do Marxist sociologists argue DV occurs
Capitalism places stress on the family, zaretsky
111
Why do feminists argue DV occurs
Violent partners are the evidence of patriarchy, the state and CJS fail to take DV seriously Dobash and Dobash

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