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sociology education and gender Flashcards

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1
Q

gender differences overall trends (2)

A

more girls stay on for A-levels
girls do better than boys in their GCSE’s

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2
Q

what are the three external factors for gender difference in achievement

A

rise in feminism/ changes in ambition, changing families, changing employment

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3
Q

changing ambitions/ a rise in feminism (3)

A

Sue Sharpe- a change in female priorities from the 70’s compared to the 90’s (from wife to career driven)
women now realise their education is not a waste and they can actually use it to work, not just be a housewife
acts such as the Equal Pay Act, free contraception etc

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4
Q

changing ambitions/ a rise in feminism evaluation (3)

A

doesnt explain why girls do better
policies put in place arent fully implemented e.g. there is still a pay gap between men and women
just because girls are more ambitious doesnt mean they can achieve more

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5
Q

changing families (4)

A

increase in divorce- realise they don’t have to stay in unhappy marriages
decrease in birth rate- female headed lone parent families- positive role models
women staying single- other lifestyles are possible

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6
Q

changing employment (2 acts and 1 point)

A

Equal Pay Act 1970
sex discrimination act 1975
these acts make it more equal for women giving them more motivation to work

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7
Q

changing employment evaluation (2)

A

men continue to earn more in their lifetime than women
children are a social pressure and are discriminated against in the workplace

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8
Q

what are the 5 reasons for gender differences internal

A

equal opportunities policy, coursework, role models, teacher attention and league tables

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9
Q

why does equal opportunities policy lead to differences in achievement

A

national curriculum 1988- m=boys and girls take the same subjects- no gender bias/ gender stereotyping
GIST and WISE set up to encourage girls in to STEM subjects
a more meritocratic system

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10
Q

why does role models lead to differences in achievement

A

more female teachers providing a pro- education role model for girls
this may mean girls get more positive labelling which may lead to better achievement

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11
Q

role models evaluation

A

boys can have female role models
female teachers can provide a positive role model for girls (Sharpe)

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12
Q

why does coursework lead to differences in achievement

A

Mitsos and Browne (98) believe girls are more organised and conscientious and therefore do better in coursework

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13
Q

what is an evaluation of coursework

A

boys can have the same attributes girls have
stereotypical ‘feminine’ qualities

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14
Q

why does teacher attention lead to differences in achievement

A

French and French (83) boys and girls receive equal attention however boys get more through misbehaviour
Swan (98) boys dominate class discussions and teachers respond more positively to girls behaviour

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15
Q

why do league tables lead to differences in achievement

A

girls are seen as ‘more able’ and get in to better schools therefore receive a better education

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16
Q

what are the 5 reasons for boys underachievement

A

feminisation of schooling, laddish subcultures, globalisation and literacy skills, boys overconfidece

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17
Q

what sociologist argues about feminisation of schooling

A

Sewell

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18
Q

feminisation of schooling

A

argued by Sewell (06) that traditional masculine traits e.g. competition and leadership are no longer being taught
there is also an argument for a lack of male role models

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19
Q

feminisation of schooling evaluation (3)

A

Francis (06) boys+girls aged 7/8 dont care about their teachers gender
reinforces the patriarchy
Haase (08) found that education is male dominated

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20
Q

what is a ‘laddish’ subculture

A

when boys are encouraged to be anti-school

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21
Q

what 2 sociologists argue about laddish subcultures

A

Francis and Epstein

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22
Q

what does Francis argue about laddish subcultures

A

boys see smart as ‘unmasculine’ and w.c boys see non manual work as feminine

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23
Q

what does Epstein argue about laddish subcultures

A

boys who are pro-school are subject to harassment and verbal abuse such as being called gay

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24
Q

what is an evaluation of laddish subcultures (1)

A

some boys want to succeed and don’t see being smart as a weakness or as feminine

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25
Mirza (92) subcultures argument (girls)
evidence of pro-school female subcultures who actively encourage each other to study.
26
how has globalisation impacted on boys underachievement
a decline in traditional industries Mitsos and Browne argue that the decline in heavy industry employment leads to an 'identity crisis' this means boys struggle to see where they will go after education and lack the motivation to work hard
27
evaluation of globalisation (1)
girls can also suffer from identity crises as it is not all men that do these jobs
28
how has literacy skills impacted on boys underachievement
parents spend less time reading to their sons and do not develop a 'bedroom culture' therefore they cant develop their communication and language skills boys read for info, girls read fiction
29
literacy evaluation (1)
some boys read fiction as well
30
how has boys overconfidence impacted upon their underachievement
Francis research in 3 schools (98-9) found boys thought exams were easy and didn't revise, when they failed they then blamed their teachers or their own lack of trying not their ability
31
overconfidence evaluations (2)
some boys do try hard for their exams and may still fail some boys take accountability for failing their exams
32
what are the 5 reasons for gender choice
early socialisation, peer pressure, subject gender, gendered careers, gender domain
33
which 3 sociologists argue about early socialisation (subject choice)
Bryne (79) Murphy and Elwood (98)
34
explain early socialisation on subject choice (1 point 2 sociologist argument)
family dresses and gives different toys to different genders Bryne (79) argues teachers encourage boys to be tough and girls to be quiet and helpful Murphy and Elwood (98) girls read fictions boys read non fiction
35
which 2 sociologists argue on peer pressure
Skeleton (07) and Paechter (98)
36
explain peer pressure on subject choice
children pressure each other to conform to gender stereotypes. boys will drop out of music and girls wont take P.E. out of fear of being labelled as 'butch'
37
what does Skeleton (07) argue on subject choice
students pick subjects appropriate for their gender stereotypes
38
what does Paechter (98) argue on subject choice
girls who choose P.E. had to find other ways to express their femininity in fear of being called a lesbian or butch
39
what is a gender domain
activities seen as male and female
40
who argues about gender domains
Browne and Ross (91)
41
what do Browne and Ross argue (91)
children are more confident when a subject is a part of their gender domains e.g. boys doing a maths question which includes cars
42
what is gendered subject image
subjects are seen as male or female, for example more male teachers teach science and images used in textbooks are more likely to be male therefore science is seen as a 'male' subject
43
who argues about gendered subject image
Colley (80s)
44
what does Colley (80s) argue
computer science is seen as masculine as it involves machines and the way it is taught is off putting to girls
45
what is gendered careers
jobs dominated by certain genders are classed as a feminine career or a masculine career e.g. nurses and construction
46
doc- no more boys and girls- can out kids go gender free? showed us... (5)
-students already know about gendered careers from as young as 7 -students see boys as strong and girls as weak -girls underestimate their strength and intelligence while boys overestimate -they believe boys cant cry -experiment, when boys and girls swap
47
what does Connell (95) argue about gender identities
schools reproduce hegemonic masculinity, the dominance of heterosexual masculinity and female and gay identities as subordinate
48
what do feminists argue on education
patriarchy is reinforced throughout education
49
what 4 sociologists argue about verbal abuse
Mac and Ghaill (92), Lees (86), Paechter, Parker
50
what do Mac and Ghaill argue on verbal abuse
anti-school w.c. boys would call pro-school w.c. boys dick-head achievers
51
what does Lees argue on verbal abuse
if girls were sexually available they were called slags but if they weren't they were called drags by boys, but there is no equivalent for men
52
what does Paechter argue on verbal abuse
name calling maintains male power, negative labels such as 'gay' and 'queer' are used to police students sexualities
53
what does parker argue on verbal abuse
boys who were nice/ friendly towards girls were labelled as gay however BOTH lees and Paechter found this held no relation to sexuality
54
how do boys reinforce the patriarchy in education (verbal abuse)
by belittling behaviour seen as 'gay' or 'girly' and using abusive terms relating to women's bodies
55
who argues about teachers impact on gender identities (2)
Haywood, Mac and Ghaill Askew and Ross (88)
56
what do Haywood Mac and Ghaill argue on teachers
male teachers would tell boys off for 'acting like girls'
57
what do Askew and Ross argue on teachers
male teachers have a protective attitude towards female colleagues
58
what does Lees (93) argue on double standards
boys boast about their own sexual exploits but if girl do it they get labelled negatively
59
what's the impact of double standards
keeps females subordinate and reinforces gender inequality
60
what does the male gaze do
reinforces dominant heterosexual masculinity and devalues femininity. boys will prove their masculinity through retelling sexual conquests and boys that don't are 'gay'
61
who argues that the male gaze is a form of social control in which boys and male teachers view girls as sexual objects
Mac and Ghaill
62
what do Mac and Ghaill (93) argue about male peer groups
w.c. boys were macho and dismissive of working hard m.c. boys who did well had to act like it was easy and they didn't try 'real Englishmen'
63
what does Ringrose (13) argue about female peer groups
being popular was crucial, they had to be loyal friends but nice to everyone, be competitive but also compete for the attention of boys

sociology (8 decks)

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