FAMILIES AND RELATIONSHIPS- Topic 1 & 2: family types & Trends(stats)

Question 1

extended families
STUDY

Answer 1

Beanpole families
Brannen
-of three, four or even five generations.
-low birth rates means that one or two children may be
born in each generation
- This means intragenerational ties are weak but, individuals tend to have
more intergenerational relationships,

Question 2

The Sandwich generation:

Answer 2

Grundy and Henrietta:
-dependency ratio increasing
-older middle aged people,
caring for older relatives while still taking care of adult children
feminist concepts

Question 3

nuclear families
STATS

Answer 3

(ONS) 25per cent
most common

Question 4

nuclear family STUDY

Answer 4

Murdock: The Universal Family
-250
-“a social group characterised by common-residence, economic co-operation and
reproduction”
-

Question 5

emerging family types:
reconstituted families
DEFINITION

Answer 5

where a couple come together
and form a family including at least one child from a previous

relationship of one of the couple.

Question 6

reconstituted families
STUDY
De’Ath & Slater’s

Answer 6

-identified a number of challenges
-Conflict may be a norm if the step-child refuses to accept the authority of the step-parent and the birth of a half-
sibling may create jealousy and resentment among the step-children.

Question 7

reconstituted families
STUDY
Martin

Answer 7

-the stepmother with good intentions may become a target
for the children’s resentment about the amount of change in their lives
-is transformed into the “wicked” step-mother who is the
cause of all their problems.

Question 8

Lone Parent Families STATS

Answer 8

represented 25 per cent of all
families with dependent children in 2013 (ONS 2013).

Question 9

Spencer ( at expense of)

Answer 9

-poorer health, lower educational achievement and inc risk of
anti-social behaviour.
-material disadvantages - for example, low
incomes and poor housing.

Question 10

Phoenix plus
Ford and Millar

Answer 10

the ideology of the nuclear
family
-negative labelling by teachers,
social workers, the police and the courts.
Ford and millar criticised the “perverse incentive” argument of women
choose single motherhood to obtain state benefits and social housing
-still have to deal with poverty, debt
-a desired and valued goal because it is a realistic

Question 11

Phoenix plus
Ford and Millar

Answer 11

the ideology of the nuclear
family
-negative labelling by teachers,
social workers, the police and the courts.
-
-criticised the “perverse incentive” argument
women choose single motherhood to obtaining state benefits and social housing.
-poverty, debt
-a desired and valued goal because it is a realistic

Question 12

Mooney et al.

Answer 12

parental conflict is more important than separation as
an influence in producing negative outcomes in children. more beneficial than being brought up in a family in which the parents are constantly fighting.

Question 13

Guasp (gasp, wow)

Answer 13

-special and different, but only
because all families are special and different - some felt that their families were a
lot closer than other people’s families.
- like having gay parents and would not
want things to change
-widespread use of homophobic language, homophobic bullying

Question 14

same sex families
STATS

Answer 14

a tiny minority of families in the UK. Adoptions by
same-sex couples accounted for 8.0 per cent of all adoptions in 2015, an increase from lttle under 7per cent
of all adoptions in the previous year (ONS, 2014).

Question 15

Non Family Households: Living Alone
STATS

Answer 15

In 2015, 7.7 million people in UK households lived alone,

Question 16

Living Alone STUDY

Answer 16

Klinenberg (clean and beg)
1. The cult of the individual.more focused on their own
needs rather than on their role in larger social structures such as family
2.The communications revolution. Individuals can achieve the pleasures of a social life even when
they are living alone,
3.The ageing population. Because people are living longer, it is likely they will be divorced or
widowed in old age.

Question 17

Smith and his colleagues
(smirk, u think ur sleek)

Answer 17

over a ten-year period only 7 per cent of those studied remained living alone throughout that period.

Question 18

Rejecting the heteronorm study
(emblem)

Answer 18

-Roseneil and Budgeon
-aspects of intimacy and emotional relationships are increasingly taking
place outside the family.
-1 Friends are taking the place of family: fluid, with a range of lovers, friends, work colleagues and extended family members
2 The decentering of conjugal relationships: no longer build their lives and
identities around a marriage partnership with,the nuclear family is no longer central to some people’s lives.

Question 19

Non-Family Households: Living with Friends STUDY

Answer 19

Pahl (pal) and Spencer
that people no longer maintain relationships with family members out of a sense of duty or obligation.
‘personal communities’ -combination of relatives, kin and friends who are valued for their friendship and social support.

Question 20

Marriage is declining STATS

Answer 20

Between 1972 and 2017[late 2010s] the number of marriages of opposite-sex couples has
decreased by ALMOST 50% ONS

Question 21

Cohabitation is increasing

Answer 21

9 out of 10 opposite-sex couples
cohabited before getting married in 2017.

Question 22

marriage and cohabitation Changing social attitudes
“Less social pressure to marry or not cohabit”

Answer 22

-British Social Attitudes Survey (BSAS)
generally have become more socially acceptable.-in 2012 Views on sex before marriage were even more liberal, with 80 per cent believing it was ‘rarely wrong’ or ‘not wrong at all’.

Question 23

marriage and cohabitation Changing social attitude
“Secularisation”

Answer 23

cohabiting couples in the UK are viewed less as if they were “living in sin”,
- Gibson (son of god) argues that
Britain has undergone a process of secularisation,

Question 24

marriage and cohabitation Changing social attitude
“Singlehood”

Answer 24

-change of negative connotations as ‘old maid’,d being ‘left on the shelf’ were applied to older women who remained single.
–Creative Singlehood: PPL now choose to remain single as a lifestyle option, rather than singlehood being an unfortunate state for those who do not find a partner.
-Hall et al. study, found that that many single people found a
freedom in being solo and chose to concentrate on their careers
-

Question 25

marriage and cohabitation Popularity of Postmodern ideas

Answer 25

-Beck and beck: Individualisation
-Confluent Love: Giddens
-Reflexivity: Giddens

Question 26

‘marriage and cohabitation’ The changing role of women
“Women refusing to accept oppression from men”

Answer 26

-radical feminist Greer
-“test out” relationships during cohabitation, delay marriage or not marry at all.

Question 27

marriage and cohabitation The changing role of women
“Changing women’s aspirations:”

Answer 27

-Sue Sharpe two studies of working-class girls in the 1970s and 20 years later
-more confident and ambitious and put more priority
on education, careers and financial independence

Question 28

marriage and cohabitation The changing role of women
“Women’s greater participation in the labour force:”

Answer 28

-Equal Pay Act (1970), and the Sex Discrimination Act (1975).
-Women represent just under half of the total
labour force in the UK. Think Tank Catalyst,
-

Question 29

Divorce is increasing STATS

Answer 29

Latest government statistics (2012)
estimate that 42% of marriages in England and Wales end in divorce.

Question 30

divorce rates, Changing social attitudes
“Less stigma attached to divorce:”

Answer 30

The
British Social Attitudes Survey (2006) found that 63 per cent of respondents agreed that

‘Divorce can be a positive step towards a new life’
only 7 percent disagreed.

Question 31

divorce rates Changing social attitudes
Secularisation:

Answer 31

Gibson ( Godson)
religious values have weakened
in society, including the influence of the traditional teaching of the church about the value
of lifelong marriage.

Question 32

divorce rates Changing social attitudes
The greater acceptance of serial monogamy:

Answer 32

-we have moved away form the idea of romantic love and “the one”
-people engage in a succession of monogamous
sexual relationships (one after another).
-online dating apps
-celebs

Question 33

divorce rates 2: Popularity of Postmodern ideas

Answer 33

 Individualisation
 Reflexivity
 Confluent Love:

Question 34

3: divorce rates The changing role of women
Women divorcing men: Allan and Crowe

Answer 34

Women divorcing men: Allan and Crowe (allah god men vs crown women)
1940s, around two-thirds of divorce petitions were initiated by
men.
In2012, nearly two-thirds divorces were initiated by women (ONS)
women are employed, giving
them a degree of financial independence, and welfare benefits

Question 35

divorce rates The changing role of women
Radical feminists such as Germaine Greer

Answer 35

positive change resulting from women’s unwillingness to accept
oppression by their husbands. We now live in a society where women feel more able to
leave dysfunctional relationships and seek something better.

Question 36

divorce rates The changing role of women
Women’s greater participation in the labour force:

Question 37

divorce rates, Changes in the Law
Private Act of Parliament.

Answer 37

Wives could only initiate a divorce Bill if the adultery was compounded
by life-threatening cruelty. Because of the high costs, only the wealthy could afford this

Question 38

The 1857 Matrimonial Causes Act

Answer 38

widened the number of acceptable causes for divorce.
” such as adultery, desertion or cruelty
but one partner had to prove the “fault” or
“guilt” the other. This was costly and complexonly available to a small number of wealthy people.

Question 39

over the next 150 year divorce..

Answer 39

Over the next 150 years, divorce became simpler, cheaper and available to many more
people. The Divorce Reform Act of 1969 changed the legal rules of divorce in a fairly radical ways
once they had completed the legal formality of 2 years agreed separation.