Family&Households: Topic 4- Demography Flashcards
(33 cards)
Births
What are the reasons for the decline in birth rate?
- Changes in womens position
- Decline in the infant mortality
- Children are an economic liability
- Child centredness
Births
What does Harper argue about how changes in womens postion cause a decline in birth rate?
Harper argues the education is the main reaction, changing girls mindset and women now see other opportunities and delay children for their career.
Births
What does Harper argue about how a decline in the infant mortality rate can cause a decline in birth rate?
If IMR falls, birth rates will fall. This is because many children survive, therefore parents wont have to replace them.
Births: Declining in the infant mortality rate
Why has IMR fell?
- Better nutrition
- Improved housing and better sanitation
- Improved services for mothers and children
- Better knowledge of hygiene, child health, welfare
Births
How has children becoming an economic liability caused a decline in birth rate?
- Laws ban child labour so children are economically dependent on parents
- Changing norms has led to children needing/wanting more
So parents have less kids to reduce financial pressures
Births
How has child centredness caused a decline in birth rates?
Children are an important point on many peoples lives, a shift from ‘quantity’ to ‘quality’. Parents can now spend more on the ONE child
Births
How are the family affected with less babies being born?
- Smaller familes mean women can go to work
- Childhood may be lonelier
- Children wont be an economic burdern
- More beanpole family
- More love, times and emotional support for smaller families
Births
How would society be affected with less babies being born?
- Less workers for the economy
- Fewer public services, class sizes
- Ageing population
- Depencency ratio- fewer young adults
Deaths
What are the key factors affecting the decline in the death rate?
- Improved nutrition
- Medical improvements
- Smoking and diet
- Public health measures
- Other social changes
Deaths
What does Mckeown argue how improved nutrition caused a decline in death rate?
He argues that improved nutrition accounts for half of the reduction in death rates. Better nutrition increased resistance and survival
Deaths
How does medical improvements cause the decline in death rate?
- Before 1950s medicine has no reduction in deaths from diseases
- After 1950s improved medical knowledge techniques helped reduce death rates
Deaths
What does Harper argue how smoking and diet causes a decline in the death rate?
- Argues the greatest fall in death rates was due to smoking but is now replaced by obesity
- While obesity has increse they’re kept low due to drug therapies
Deaths
How does Public health measure cause a decline in death rate?
- In 20th Centery government made laws to improve public health
- Housing has better ventilation
- Pure drinking water
- Clean air acts
Deaths
What are the other social changes that causes a decline in death rate?
- The decline in dangerous occupations
- Smaller families reduces rate of transmission of infection
- Greater knowledge of illnesses
- Higher income=healthier lifestyles
- Lifestyle changes
Death
Whats the impact of decline in death rates on life expectancy?
- As death rate falls, life expectancy rates increases
- Women in 1900 lived till 50, 2018 liven until 90.2
Death
How does class, gender and regional difference affect life expectancy?
- Gender: Men dont live as long as women
- Region: Those in North live shorter due to weather
- Class: W/C men are 3x more likely to live shorter due to job
Death
What is the impact of falling death rates on the family?
- Children can grow with grandparents and form strong relationships
- Grandparents become a reserve army of labour
- More beanpole families
- Women/girls care for older women
Death
What is the impact of falling death rate on wider society?
- High burden on dependency ratio as old people cant work
- the retirement age will increase
- Women live longer than men so more women in society
- More care homes and beds in hospitals needed
- Lonely
The ageing population
What causes the ageing population?
- Increasing life expectancy- people are living older
- Declining infant mortality- Hardley anyone dies early of age
- Declining fertility- fewer young people born compared to old people in population
The ageing population
What are the consequences of ageing populaiton?
- Public services
- One-person pensioner households
- The dependency ratio
The ageing population
What are the consequences of ageing population on public services?
- Older people consumer large amounts of services
- Increased expenditure on healthcare, ageing population means changes to policies, services
The ageing population
What are the consequences of ageing population on One-person pensioner household?
- Nb of pensioners living alone has increased, 15% of households
- Among the over-75s, there are 2x as many women as men
The ageing population
What are the consequences of ageing population on the dependency ratio?
- Old people are economical group, relying on tax, pension. This puts a burden on workers
- 2022 There were 3.5 people working for every 1 pentioner, will fall to 2.7 by 2041
The ageing population
What does modern society argue about ageism and old age? What does Phillipson argue?
- Argue ageism is the result of ‘structures dependency’. Old is excluded from paid work and become economically dependent
- Phillipson argues the old are no use to capitalism as they’re not productive- state is unwillling to support them
- Age becomes important in role allocation
