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Nutrition > Fat Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Fat Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

what amount vitamins is required

A

minute quantities

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2
Q

what happens in omission of single vitamin

A

specific deficiency and symptoms

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3
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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4
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins

A

B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, C

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5
Q

chemical name of vitamin A

A

Retinol

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6
Q

what is vitamin A required in and in what forms

A

the diet, as the vitamin or its precursor carotene

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7
Q

sources of vitamin A

A

liver of cod/halibut, egg yolk, milk fat

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8
Q

what is a provitamin

A

a substance that is converted into a vitamin within an organism

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9
Q

what are the provitamins of vitamin A called

A

carotenoids

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10
Q

what are examples of carotenoids

A

carotenes and xanthophylls

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11
Q

what does ultraviolet light exposure do to vitamin A precursors

A

destroys double bonds and biological activity

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12
Q

what easily oxidizes vitamin A

A

heat, light, moisture, heavy metals, air, light

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13
Q

what % of vitamin A is converted in liver

A

90%

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13
Q

where is vitamin A converted

A

intestinal mucosa (mixed micelles) but mostly in liver

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14
Q

what does vitamin A content in liver directly relate to

A

ingestion of the vitamin in the diet

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15
Q

what is retinal

A

vitamin A occurring as an alcohol

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16
Q

what is beta-carotene composed of

A

2 joined vitamin A molecules

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17
Q

what is retinoic acid

A

free form of vitamin A

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18
Q

what is vitamin A palmitate

A

retinoic acid esterfies with a fatty acid

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19
Q

what is most stable vitamin A form

A

retinoic acid (palmitate)

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19
Q

what two things is vitamin A metabolized for

A

the eye and general systems

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20
Q

why is vitamin A important for the eye

A

needed for creation of rhodopsin

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21
Q

what is rhodopsin

A

low light receptor

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22
Q

what is vitamin A used for in general systems

A

differentiation and formation of epithelial tissues/ mucous membranes and is a free radical scavenger

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23
Q

what does vitamin A do in the general systems as a free-radical scavenger

A

is an antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antimutagenic

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24
Q

what three things combine to form rhodopsin

A

retinal+opsin+vitamin A

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25
Q

what happens in vitamin A deficiency

A

impaired ability to see in dim light, hyperkeratinization of skin, roughened hair/plumage, low levels of immunoglobulins

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26
Q

what is vitamin A deficiency rare in and why

A

grazing animals b/c they eat plants with high carotene content

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27
Q

what is vitamin A deficiency most susceptible in and why

A

pigs and poultry, has to do with husbandry and the proper kinds and amounts being added to diet

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28
Q

what color are vitamin A provitamins

A

yellow, orange, red

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29
Q

what time of year/weather are vitamin A deficiencies and why

A

winter months and drought, because of insufficient green forage

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30
Q

when does vitamin A toxicity happen when not being excreted readily

A

long term ingestion of daily intake >50-500 fold the requirement

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31
Q

at what single dose of vitamin A toxicity has death occurred

A

500,000-1 million IU (industrial unit)

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32
Q

what are some signs of chronic vitamin A toxicity

A

anorexia, weight loss, thickened scaly skin, edema, crusty eyelids, alopecia, hemorrhaging, decreased bone strength, spontaneous fracture, death

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33
Q

what happens with vitamin A toxicity while pregnant

A

malformed young (cleft palate, abnormal skull/skeleton, atresia-oculi)

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34
Q

chemical name of vitamin D3

A

cholecalciferol

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34
Q

is vitamin D2 or D3 more stable

A

D3

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35
Q

what is the water soluble version of vitamin D3

A

milk-sulphate derivative

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36
Q

chemical name of vitamin D2

A

ergocalciferol

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37
Q

vitamin D is —– susceptible to oxidation than vitamin A

A

less

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38
Q

what is the only abundant source of vitamin D

A

certain fishes (halibut and cod)

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39
Q

what is a plant source of vitamin D

A

dried plants

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40
Q

what is a small animal source of vitamin D

A

tissues (egg yolk, milk)

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41
Q

vitamin D is limited in what

A

plants and animals

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42
Q

what are the provitamins of vitamin D

A

7-dehydro-cholesterol, Pre-D3 cholecalciferol, 25 hydroxy D3

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43
Q

what converts vitamin D provitamins to their active form

A

UV light

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44
Q

where is Pre-D3 converted to 25 hydroxy D3

A

liver

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44
Q

where is 7-dehydro-cholesterol converted to Pre-D3

A

skin

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45
Q

exposure to sunlight does what

A

converts sterols to Vit D3

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46
Q

where is 25 hydroxy D3 converted to 1,25 hydroxy D3

A

kidney

47
Q

where is dietary vitamin D absorbed (D3 and D2)

A

in the GI

48
Q

what is the most biologically active form of vitamin D

A

1,25 hydroxy D3

48
Q

what controls synthesis of 1,25 hydroxy D3

A

PTH from parathyroid in response to low calcium

49
Q

what does 1,25 hydroxy D3 do for calcium and Ph absorption

A

increases it

49
Q

what are two things that occur in vitamin D deficiency

A

abnormal bone (Rickets) or Osteomalacia

49
Q

what does 1,25 hydroxy D3 do to Ca and Ph reabsorption from bone

A

increases it

50
Q

what is Rickets and what is it common in

A

disease of growing bone common in young animals

50
Q

what is osteomalacia and what is it most common in

A

reabsorption of bone common in older animals

50
Q

what is common in rickets

A

weak and easily broken bones

50
Q

what does Rickets result in (what animal)

A

bow legs (canines), swollen hocks/knees and arched back (cattle), swollen joints and broken bones (swine)

51
Q

at what dose does vitamin D toxicity occur

A

> 300,000 IU per day for > than 30 days

51
Q

what happens in vitamin D toxicity

A

abnormal deposition of calcium in soft tissues

51
Q

what do signs of osteomalacia result from

A

Ca/P imbalances

51
Q

what is disturbed in Rickets

A

Ca and P deposition

52
Q

what is needed to treat/ prevent osteomalacia in pigs and poultry

A

supplementation

52
Q

what does osteomalacia result in in poultry

A

soft rubbery beak and bones

52
Q

what else has been observed in vitamin D toxicity

A

premature closing and shortening of skull bones and abnormal teeth

53
Q

what is death secondary to in Vit D toxicity

A

calcification of kidney tubules (uremic poisoning)

54
Q

where are Ca deposits common in during Vit D toxicity and what does it result in

A

kidney

55
Q

where is the abnormally deposited Ca resorbed from in vitamin D toxicity

A

from bone=weak brittle bones

56
Q

what does Vit D toxicity do to fetus during pregnancy

A

nothing

57
Q

chemical name of vitamin E

A

tocopherol

58
Q

what is a vitamin E deficiency disease called

A

nutritional myopathy

58
Q

how many active forms of vitamin E

A

8

59
Q

what is most biologically active form of vitamin E

A

Alpha-tocopherol

60
Q

what amount of vitamin E in cereal grains and what happens with moist storage

A

good amount–>decrease

60
Q

how much more vitamin E in leaves than stems

A

20x

60
Q

what is main source of vitamin E

A

in food (young green fodder)

60
Q

what is vitamin E important for

A

cell membrane (needs polyunsaturated fats)

61
Q

is vitamin E stored in animal body

A

no

62
Q

what enzyme is in selenium

A

glutathione peroxidase

63
Q

what does vitamin E do

A

acts as biological antioxidant working with selenium to prevent oxidation of polyunsaturated fats

64
Q

what is a nutritional myopathy

A

muscle degeneration

64
Q

what happens most commonly in cattle with vitamin E deficiency (also lambs and horses)

A

white muscle disease

65
Q

when is white muscle disease most common to occur in calves

A

calves turned out on spring pasture

66
Q

why is white muscle disease most common in calves turned out on spring pasture

A

low vitamin E and selenium in winter followed by high polyunsaturated fats in spring grass

67
Q

what are clinical signs of white muscle disease

A

skeletal muscle weakness, white streaks in skeletal and cardiac muscle

68
Q

what is caused by a vitamin E deficiency in swine

A

mulberry heart disease

68
Q

what kind of reports of vit E toxicity are there

A

they are all experimentally induced

69
Q

what is special about the range of safe level intake in vit E

A

wider range than other fat soluble vitamins

69
Q

what does selenium have a role in with vit E deficiency of chickens

A

has a role in myopathy and exudative diathesis but not crazy chick disease

69
Q

what does vitamin E deficiency in chickens affect

A

pectoral muscles

69
Q

what does vitamin E deficiency in chickens cause

A

Encephalomalacia AKA “Crazy Chick Disease” or Exudative diathesis

70
Q

what does the vascular disease from vit E deficiency in chicks cause and result in

A

causes leaky blood vessels which results in edema of subcutaneous tissue

71
Q

how was vitamin K discovered

A

due to importance in preventing hemorrhage

71
Q

what are the clinical signs of mulberry heart disease in swine

A

skeletal muscle weakness, hemorrhagic and white streaks of cardiac muscle, pericardial fluid

72
Q

is vit E toxicity common

A

there are few reports of it

73
Q

what is the chemical name of vitamin K

A

phylloquinone

74
Q

what is vitamin K also called

A

coagulation factor

75
Q

what will rapidly destroy vitamin K

A

when exposing it to light

75
Q

how is vitamin K present in plants

A

phylloquinone or K1

76
Q

what are plant sources of vitamin K

A

leafy green vegetables

77
Q

what are animal sources of vitamin K

A

egg yolk, liver, fish meal

78
Q

what is vitamin K important for the synthesis of and where

A

synthesis of prothrombin in liver

78
Q

what is prothrombin the precursor for

A

thrombin

79
Q

what is thrombin

A

enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin to hold blood clots together

80
Q

why are vit K deficiencies not reported in ruminants, horses, and pigs under normal conditions

A

synthesis of vit K by bacteria in GI tract (ex. E. coli)

81
Q

what can antibiotics do to vit K synthesis by GI microbes/bacteria

A

can depress normal flora and cause deficiency

82
Q

how do you fix sweet clover disease

A

vit K supplementation

83
Q

what is vit K deficiency related to in cattle

A

sweet clover disease

84
Q

what does sweet clover disease to prothrombin levels

A

lowers prothrombin levels

85
Q

what happens in sweet clover disease

A

coumarins are converted to dicumarol during storage

86
Q

what is dicumarol

A

antagonist of vit K

87
Q

where can dicumarol be found

A

damaged sweet clover hay and silage

88
Q

what does dicumarol do in calves

A

massive internal hemorrhage and death

89
Q

what is important about dicumarol in human med

A

first oral anticoagulant

89
Q

what is wardain used in

A

rodenticide

90
Q

what is warfarin

A

competitive inhibitior of K2

91
Q

what is a name for dicumarol drug

A

Jantoven

92
Q

what is a name for warfarin drug

A

Coumadin

93
Q

what does vit K deficiency do in chickens

A

anemia and bleeding disorders

94
Q

why does vit K deficiency affect chickens the way it does

A

microbial synthesis of vit K takes place too distally for absorption in GI tract

95
Q

why would chickens bleed to death with vit K deficiency

A

easily injured and may bleed to death because their blood cannot coagulate (clot)

Nutrition (3 decks)

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