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Biochemistry II Exam 2 > Fat Synthesis > Flashcards

Fat Synthesis Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Eating lots of what substance stimulates fat synthesis?

A

Sugar

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2
Q

Eating lots of what substance raises blood glucose?

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

What are the two transport mechanisms for glucose to enter the cell?

A

Sodium independent facilitated transport system, sodium-monosaccharide co-transport system (SGLT)

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4
Q

Which glucose transport mechanism utilizes glucose transporters (GLUT)?

A

Sodium independent facilitated transport system

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5
Q

Which glucose transport mechanism moves glucose down the concentration gradient (high to low)?

A

Sodium independent facilitated transport system

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6
Q

Which glucose transport mechanism is ATP dependent?

A

Sodium-monosaccharide co-transport system (SGLT)

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7
Q

Which glucose transport mechanism transports glucose against the concentration gradient?

A

Sodium-monosaccharide co-transport system (SGLT)

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8
Q

Which glucose transport mechanism is utilized in muscle and the liver?

A

Sodium independent facilitated transport system

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9
Q

Which glucose transport mechanism is utilized in epithelial cells of intestines, renal tubules, and the choroid plexus?

A

Sodium-monosaccharide co-transport system (SGLT)

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10
Q

What is the name of the hexose sugar transporter located in intestinal, kidney, LIVER, and beta cell tissue?

A

GLUT2

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11
Q

What is the name of the hexose sugar transporter located in fat and muscles (including the heart)?

A

GLUT4

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12
Q

Which hexose sugar transporter is regulated by insulin?

A

GLUT4

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13
Q

What is the substrate specificity of GLUT2?

A

Glucose, galactose, and fructose

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14
Q

What is the substrate specificity of GLUT4?

A

Glucose ONLY

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15
Q

Which GLUT transporter is stimulated by low energy charge?

A

GLUT4

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16
Q

What happens by adding a phosphate to glucose in muscle?

A

Glucose concentration thus remains low and glucose keeps coming in

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17
Q

What occurs to glucose 6 phosphate in muscle when muscle energy charge is low?

A

Glucose 6 phosphate runs through glycolysis, pre step, and Krebs to make more ATP

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18
Q

What occurs to glucose 6 phosphate in muscle when muscle glycogen is low?

A

Glucose 6 phosphate is then converted into glycogen

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19
Q

In skeletal muscle, what results in a tenfold increase in glucose uptake?

A

Exercise or insulin

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20
Q

About what percentage of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake occurs in skeletal muscle?

A

90% (the rest would be adipose tissue)

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21
Q

Exercise stimulates the accumulation of GLUT4 in the cell membrane for up to how many hours after the exercise?

A

1-2

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22
Q

What is the location of hexokinase?

A

Muscle

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23
Q

What is the location of glucokinase?

A

Liver

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24
Q

Which enzyme (glucokinase or hexokinase) IS inhibited by its product, glucose-6-phophate?

A

Hexokinase

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25
What happens to glucose if the muscle is full of glycogen?
Glucose goes to the liver
26
What happens to glucose if the muscle is NOT full of glycogen?
Glucose is stored as glycogen
27
What is the overall mechanism of how glucose enters muscle?
Facilitated diffusion (will only occur when the concentration in the blood exceeds the muscle)
28
Which enzyme, glucokinase or hexokinase, has a lesser affinity for glucose?
Glucokinase
29
Which enzyme (glucokinase or hexokinase) is NOT inhibited by its product, glucose-6-phophate?
Glucokinase
30
What two things stimulate glucokinase?
Insulin and fructose
31
Where does the synthesis of fatty acids occur?
Cytosol
32
What are the three ingredients for synthesis of fatty acids?
Two carbon pieces (acetyl), electrons (NADPH), and energy (ATP)
33
What is the primary tissue for the synthesis of fatty acids?
Liver
34
During the process of fatty acids synthesis, glycolysis produces what necessary intermediate?
Pyruvate
35
From what is malonyl CoA made?
Acetyl CoA
36
What is the rate limiting and regulatory step of fatty acid synthesis?
Synthesis of malonyl CoA with the enzyme, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)
37
Polymerization of inactive acetyl coA carboxylase (ACC) is activated by what?
Citrate
38
Which protein kinase phosphorylates and inactivates ACC?
AMPK (so do epinephrine and glucagon)
39
What affect does insulin have on ACC?
Dephosphorylates and activates it
40
What type of diet increases ACC synthesis which increases fatty acid synthesis?
High calorie/high carbohydrate diet
41
What type of diet decreases ACC synthesis which decreases fatty acid synthesis?
Low calorie/high fat diet
42
What affect does fasting have on ACC synthesis?
Decreases
43
What two things stimulate ACC synthesis?
Citrate and insulin
44
What things inhibit ACC synthesis?
Malonyl CoA, palmitoyl CoA (end product), epinephrine, glucagon
45
How does Metformin aid with type 2 diabetes?
Inhibits the synthesis of ACC, activates AMPK, decreases SREBP-1, lowers blood glucose
46
What molecule is used for reduction reactions for fatty acid synthase?
NADPH
47
During the last step of fatty acid synthase, what enzyme cleaves the thirster bond and releases the final product?
Palmitoyl thioesterase
48
What is the end product of fatty acid synthase?
Palmitate (16:0)
49
Where does the NADPH come from for the reduction steps in FAS?
Pentose phosphate pathway and/or malate switching to pyruvate in the cytosol
50
Are fatty acids highly oxidized or highly reduced molecules?
Highly reduced
51
What do desaturases do to accomplish desaturation?
Add double bonds
52
Humans cannot create double bonds past which carbon?
9-10th
53
Which modification of palmitate requires NADPH?
Elongation
54
Where does the degradation of fatty acids occur?
Mitochondria
55
Is ATP required for fatty acid synthesis?
Yes
56
Does the degradation of fatty acids create energy?
Yes
57
What are the four types of reaction steps in FAS?
Condensation, reduction, dehydration, reduction
58
What stops the TCA from going through during fatty acid synthesis?
ATP inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase
59
What is the primary site of fructose disposal?
Liver
60
How much of fructose is extracted by the liver on the first pass?
50%
61
How much of fructose is extracted by the liver?
70%
62
What two enzymes are essential for fructose metabolism that are highly expressed in the liver?
Fructokinase and triokinase
63
What effect does fructose have on glucokinase?
Stimulation
64
What is significant about fructose and the regulation of PFK?
It skips this regulation

Biochemistry II Exam 2 (3 decks)

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