FE: Lecture 10 Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

What does the cerebral cortex contain?

Answer 1

grey matter- folded sheets of cortex

white matter- extrinsic- thalamocortical and corticospinal tracts

intrinsic- inter and intrahemispheric connections (ex. corpus callosum)

Question 2

How many layers is the cerebral cortex comprised of?

Answer 2

3-6 layers

Question 3

What is in the first layer of cerebral cortex?

Answer 3

only dendrites and axons

Question 4

What are the 2-3 layers of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 4

allocortex/ archicortex

ex. hippocampus

Question 5

What are the 4-5 layers of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 5

periallocortex- olfactory, piriform and some of cingulate, parahippocampal cortex

Question 6

What is all 6 layers of cerebral cortex?

Answer 6

Neocortex/ Isocortex- almost all cortex

Question 7

What is the layer structure according to Brodmann?

Answer 7

pyramidal layers- 3,5

granular cell layers- 2 and 4

fusiform layer 6

Question 8

Why does BA 4 have a very large layer 5?

Answer 8

because this is where the corticospinal tract originates from

Question 9

What is Brodmann’s area 1,2,3 for?

Answer 9

somatosensory sensation

Question 10

What is BA 4?

Answer 10

motor cortex for fine motor control

Question 11

What is BA 17?

Answer 11

visual cortex for conscious visual sensation

Question 12

What is BA 41?

Answer 12

auditory cortex for auditory sensation

Question 13

What is the major difference from human brains to all other types of brains?

Answer 13

size of the brain and the amount of cortex/gyri

Question 14

What area is larger in humans than any other species?

Answer 14

association cortex

Question 15

What is BA 6, 8, 9?

Answer 15

premotor, anterior to primary motor

damage to this area will result in bilateral loss of motor planning or delayed responses

Question 16

What are BA 44, 45, 22?

Answer 16

language

speech 44, 45

understanding 22

Question 17

What two gyri comprise BA 45, 44, 22?

Answer 17

inferior frontal (Broca’s) , superior temporal gyri (Wernike’s)

Question 18

What is Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 18

loss of language- speaking and writing

Question 19

What is Wernike’s aphasia?

Answer 19

loss of understanding language- cant listen or read

Question 20

What does it mean that speech area is hemisphere dominant?

Answer 20

right handed people tend to be left side speech dominant (90%)

left handed people (40-80%) right side speech dominant

Question 21

What are characteristics of Broca’s area?

Answer 21

halting speech, repeating words, disordered speech, comprehension intact

Question 22

What are characteristics of Wernike’s aphasia?

Answer 22

fluent speech, weird/ inappropriate words, comprehension not intact

Question 23

What are BA 5-7?

Answer 23

dorsal parietal association cortex, superior parietal lobule

major cause from damage is agnosia or “not knowing”

Question 24

What are two specific agnosia’s?

Answer 24

object- astereognosis- inability to distinguish specific objects by touch

asomatognoisa- part of your body is not you, arm and finger

Question 25

What are BA 19, 37, 20?

Answer 25

occipital and temporal association damage leads to visual agnosia

Question 26

What are two types of visual agnosia?

Answer 26

simultanagnosia- "book covering light bulb" prosopagnosia- face recognition

Question 27

What are BA 39, 40?

Answer 27

lateral parietal association cortex knowing the existence of the world and everything in it damage leads to contralateral neglect- can't attend to contralateral vision field if damage is on left side of brain stand on left side

Question 28

What are the BA associated with me?

Answer 28

8, 9, 10, 46 and maybe 11 and 12 more recently 24 and 32

Question 29

Where are all these areas?

Answer 29

prefrontal cortex and cingulate cortex

Question 30

What are the functions of all these areas?

Answer 30

executive function- right from wrong, better from best etc. prediction of outcomes of actions social suppression of urges emotions and affect

Question 31

What is a frontal lobotomy?

Answer 31

damaging prefrontal cortex which will get rid of one's personaility

Question 32

What are four major regions of limbic lobe?

Answer 32

cingulate cortex, hippocampus (parahippocampal gyrus), piriform (olfactory cortex), orbitofrontal

Question 33

Why is the limbic lobe sometimes called the smell brain?

Answer 33

because sense of smell ends in amgydala and piriform cortex

Question 34

What is the route of sense of smell?

Answer 34

1. olfactory epithelium 2. olfactory bulb 3. olfactory tract 4. anterior commissure 5. amygdala and piriform cortex

Question 35

What is the limbic system?

Answer 35

limbic lobe plus : 1. cingulum bundle 2. fornix 3. mammilary bodies 4. anterior thalamus- internal capsule damage affects emotion

Question 36

More recently what is considered part of the limbic system?

Answer 36

mediodorsal nucleus, hypothalamus nuclei, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, ventral tegmental area, raphe, insula, medial prefrontal cortex

Question 37

What are the three types of memory associated with limbic lobe?

Answer 37

1. declarative- explicit 2. procedural- implicit 3. emotional

Question 38

What is declarative memory?

Answer 38

lecture exam material- fact based short and long term in the hippocampus, cingulate cortex, mammillary and anterior thalamus

Question 39

What is procedural memory?

Answer 39

clinical practice exam memory- skilled movements in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia

Question 40

What is emotional memory?

Answer 40

what happens if I don't study this weekend in amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex

Question 41

What are the output centers of the hypothalamus?

Answer 41

hypothalamic tract, controls pituitary gland - endocrine system controls ANS, maintain homeostasis

Question 42

What does the anterior and posterior stimulation elicit?

Answer 42

anterior- parasympathetic posterior- sympathetic damage leads to opposite stimulation

Question 43

What are the four F's of the hypothalamus?

Answer 43

feeding, fighting, fleeing and fucking

Question 44

What are the two feeding disorders?

Answer 44

1. hyperphagia- eat more damage to medial hypothalamus | 2. aphagia- eat less damage to lateral hypothalamus

Question 45

What other emotions does the hypothalamus produce?

Answer 45

rage and amgydala inhibits it- "delgado's bull" also produce fear- anxiety and fear

Question 46

What part of the hypothalamus is the sex center?

Answer 46

anterior hypothalamus, lesion leads to lack of sex drive, stimulation is hyper sex drive control of sex hormones by pituitary gland