Feed Related

Question 1

What pH enhances hydrolysis of urea by urease

Answer 1

alkaline – Urea is basic

Question 2

What are the most susceptible species to urea

Answer 2

Ruminants and horses

Question 3

What percent of urea should be in feed

Answer 3

3% grain ration

1% total ration

Question 4

What age is more sensitive to urea and what age is more tolerant

Answer 4

Less than a year is more sensitive

3-6 wks are tolerant

Question 5

Urea is changed into ___ and ___ by ____

Answer 5

Changed into ammonia and CO2 by rumen microflora (urease)

Question 6

Fasting and dehydration ___ toxicity

Answer 6

Increase

Question 7

Diets low in ____ and ___ but high in ___ increase toxicity

Answer 7

Low in energy and protein but high in fiber

Question 8

Toxicity of urea is due to

Answer 8

ammonia

Question 9

Ammonia inhibits the ____ resulting in lack of energy and decreased cellular respiration

Answer 9

citric acid cycle

Question 10

Urea toxicosis chemistry panel

Answer 10

Ammonia
Lactate
Acidosis
BUN, K, P

Question 11

Time of onset of clinical signs for urea

Answer 11

30 min to 3 hr

Question 12

Clinical signs of urea

Answer 12

Restless, aggression, tremors, salivation, teeth grinding, bloat, ass in air
NO diarrhea
Convulsions and death in 1-2 hrs

Question 13

With urea toxicosis where should samples be taken from and how are they stored

Answer 13

Whole blood, rumen fluid, vitreous fluid

Frozen immediately

Question 14

What is the treatment for urea

Answer 14

Acetic acid or vinegar for ruminants every 4-5 hrs for 48 hrs

Question 15

What are ionophores used for

Answer 15

anticoccidial
growth promotor
efficiency of milk production
reduction of bloat/rumen acidosis

Question 16

what is the most common ionophore

Answer 16

monensin

Question 17

Which specie is most susceptible and least susceptible to ionophores

Answer 17

Horses most

Poultry least

Question 18

Ionophores are rapidly metabolized by ___ in the _____

Answer 18

P-450 oxidative demethylation enzymes in the liver

Question 19

Ionophores metabolize slower in the __ because

Answer 19

Horse because they have fewer oxidative demethylases

Question 20

What is the mechanism of action for ionophores

Answer 20

Disrupt membrane electrochemical gradients
Mainly highly energetic tissues (heart, skeletal, kidney)
Increased intracellular Na and Ca

Question 21

Ionophore clinical signs in the horse

Answer 21

Rapid onset

Anorexia, sweating, colic, incoordination, hyperventilation, tachycardia, death

Question 22

Ionophore clinical signs in other animals

Answer 22

Anorexia, diarrhea, weakness, respiratory impairment

Question 23

Ionophore lesions in horses

Answer 23

Mainly cardiac — pale muscle, white streaks

Question 24

Ionophore lesions in cattle and poultry

Answer 24

Skeletal and cardiac

Question 25

Ionophore lesions in sheep/swine/dog

Answer 25

Mainly skeletal

Question 26

Best samples to take for ionophores

Answer 26

FEED | GI content, liver, feces

Question 27

What enzymes are elevated with ionophores

Answer 27

CPK, AST, LDH, ALP

Question 28

With ionophores what in the serum is decreased in the first 12 hrs

Answer 28

Ca and K

Question 29

Which species are most susceptible to salt

Answer 29

Pig, Cattle, Poultry

Question 30

What does high Na do in the brain

Answer 30

Inhibits anaerobic glycolysis causing lack of energy to transport Na out -- the trapped Na pulls in water causing cerebral edema

Question 31

Clinical signs of excess Na

Answer 31

``` Vomit, PU, met acidosis Convulsions Circling, pivoting, head pressing Blindness/deafness Inability to recognize/take in food/water ```

Question 32

Excess sodium signs in poultry

Answer 32

Depression, ascites, collapse

Question 33

Excess Na lesions

Answer 33

GI pinpoint ulcers | Fluid/edema systemically -- CEREBRAL EDEMA

Question 34

What lesion is specific to pigs with Na excess

Answer 34

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis