Rodenticides

Question 1

What does zinc phosphide look like

Answer 1

grey-black powder

Question 2

What does zinc phosphide smell like

Answer 2

Acetylene, garlic or dead fish

Question 3

What happens when zinc phosphide is exposed to acid

Answer 3

Liberates phosphine gas

Question 4

Properties of phosphine gas

Answer 4

Insoluble in water, toxic, flammable and irritant

Question 5

Acute zinc phosphide toxicity is due to

Answer 5

Phosphine gas

Question 6

Chronic zinc phosphide toxicity is due to

Answer 6

zinc phosphide and phosphine gas

Question 7

What enhances the toxicity of zinc phosphide

Answer 7

Acid (pH < 4)

Question 8

What decreases toxicity of zinc phosphide

Answer 8

Vomiting or alkaline stomach

Question 9

zinc phosphide causes cell death by

Answer 9

Inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and cellular energy production

Question 10

zinc phosphide increases ____ resulting in ______ and cell damage

Answer 10

zinc phosphide increases oxygen radicals resulting in peroxidation and cell damage

Question 11

zinc phosphide has worst effects on which organs

Answer 11

Brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung

Question 12

zinc phosphide has a ____ onset

Answer 12

Rapid onset (minutes to hours)

Question 13

zinc phosphide clinical signs

Answer 13

Anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain (bloat)
Incr. respiration, wheezing, dyspnea
CNS excitation (mad dog running, yelping, convulsions

Question 14

zinc phosphide can cause death within ___ due to ____

Answer 14

3-48 hrs due to tissue anoxia

Question 15

Chemistry seen with zinc phosphide

Answer 15

Met acidosis, dehydration, hypocalcemia, elevated serum zinc

Question 16

zinc phosphide samples should be placed in an ____ and ____ ASAP

Answer 16

Placed in an airtight container and frozen ASAP

Question 17

What can be used for zinc phosphide decontamination

Answer 17

Lavage with K permanganate
Antacids
Mineral Oil

Question 18

Where is Fluoroacetate found

Answer 18

Livestock protection collars

Plants in Africa and South America

Question 19

Porperties of Fluoroacetate

Answer 19

Odorless, water soluble, insoluble in organic solvents

Irritant

Question 20

Fluoroacetate is degraded by

Answer 20

Soil microorganisms and plant enzymes

Question 21

Which species is very sensitive to Fluoroacetate

Answer 21

Dogs (LD50 0.06-0.2 mg/kg)

Question 22

Fluoroacetate is readily absorbed from

Answer 22

GI, lung, open wounds (not intact skin)

Question 23

Fluoroacetate is metabolized to ___ by _____

Answer 23

Metabolized to monoFluoroacetic acid by hydrolysis

Question 24

Toxicokinetics of Fluoroacetate

Answer 24

Slows TCA cycle and decreases cellular respiration and energy
Citrate toxicity (hypocalcemia)
Inhibition of various enzymes

Question 25

Fluoroacetate has a ____ onset

Answer 25

Rapid onset (30 mins - 4 hours)

Question 26

Fluoroacetate GI signs

Answer 26

Vomiting, diarrhea, urination, hyperirritability/motility

Question 27

Fluoroacetate CNS signs

Answer 27

Running in a straight line, barking/yelping, tonic-clonic seizures Hyperthermia, mydriasis, coma

Question 28

Fluoroacetate causes death within ____ due to _____

Answer 28

Death in 2-12 hrs due to respiratory failure, anoxia

Question 29

Fluoroacetate signs in Horse, Cattle, Goat

Answer 29

``` Cardiac signs (failure, staggering, arrhythmias) Colic, convulsions ```

Question 30

Fluoroacetate signs in sheep

Answer 30

Disoriented running, blindness, weakness, ataxia, coma, death

Question 31

Sheep with Fluoroacetate may have concurrnet deficiency of _______

Answer 31

Copper and Selenium

Question 32

Fluoroacetate signs in Cats and Pigs

Answer 32

CNS and Cardiac Bradycardia, arrhythmia Depression or excitement, vocalization, hyperesthesia, hypothermia

Question 33

Fluoroacetate causes rapid onset of

Answer 33

rigor mortis

Question 34

What may be seen on labs with Fluoroacetate

Answer 34

Elevated citrate Hyperglycemia Met acidosis Low iCa

Question 35

With Fluoroacetate what acetate donors can be given to compete with the toxin

Answer 35

Glyceryl Monoacetate Acetic acid/Ethanol Acetamide/Dextrose

Question 36

Metaldehyde is typically used for

Answer 36

Snail and slug killer

Question 37

Properties of Metaldehyde

Answer 37

Polymer acetaldehyde, irritant, flammable Poorly soluble in water In moist conditions can release for 10-14 days

Question 38

Which species is more sensitive to Metaldehyde

Answer 38

Cats ** but dogs more likely to ingest

Question 39

What is the more toxic route of Metaldehyde

Answer 39

More toxic by inhalation ** More common to ingest

Question 40

What happens to Metaldehyde in the GI tract

Answer 40

Acid hydrolysis to acetaldehyde | Readily absorbed

Question 41

Metaldehyde and acetaldehyde cross the ___

Answer 41

BBB

Question 42

Metaldehyde is metabolized in the ____ by ______, therefore, _____ may decrease toxicity

Answer 42

Metabolized in the liver by microsomal enzymes therefore enzyme inducers (phenobarbital) may decrease toxicity

Question 43

Acetaldehyde is metabolized by _____ and converted to ______

Answer 43

Acetaldehyde metabolized by hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase | Converted to CO2 and exhaled

Question 44

Metaldehyde may undergo ____

Answer 44

enterohepatic recirculation

Question 45

In mice Metaldehyde decreases brain ____

Answer 45

GABA, Norepinephrine and serotonin

Question 46

What can Metaldehyde cause

Answer 46

GI irritation, Met Acidosis, hyperthermia, Resp failure

Question 47

Metaldehyde causes "Shake and Bake" What does this mean

Answer 47

Acute neurotoxicosis and hyperthermia

Question 48

Metaldehyde onset of signs within ___ and CNS depression/resp failure/death within ___

Answer 48

3 hours | 4-24 hours

Question 49

Metaldehyde CNS signs

Answer 49

Incroordination, tremors, hyperesthesia, convulsions