Feeding and Nutrition

Question 1

What’re the six main nutrients

Answer 1

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats/lipids
Minerals
Vitamins
Water

Question 2

What are the two things carbs are separated into and how fast do they release glucose into our body

Answer 2

Simple carbs - release glucose into our body fast

Complex carbs - glucose is absorbed more slowly into the body

Question 3

Which ones are simple carbs and which are complex

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

Answer 3

Simple - monosaccharides disaccharides

Complex - polysaccharides

Question 4

What are monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides made up of

Answer 4

Monosaccharides - single sugar molecule

Disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides linked together

Polysaccharides - many sugar molecules linked together

Question 5

What’s for formula for glucose

Answer 5

C6H12O6

Question 6

Give me examples of monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides

Answer 6

Monosaccharides - glucose fructose galactose

Disaccharides- sucrose (glucose+fructose) lactose (glucose+galactose) maltose (glucose+glucose)

Polysaccharide - starch glycogen cellulose

Question 7

Describe simple carbs

Answer 7

Simple
- fast released carbs
- increase blood sugar rapidly and get a quick release of energy
- to many simple carbs can lead to obesity and high cholesterol
- when to many simple carbs are consumed the excess glucose is stored as body fat

Question 8

Describe complex carbs

Answer 8

Complex
- absorbed more slowly into the body
- healthier way of eating
- reduces risk of obesity

Question 9

What are proteins needed for

Answer 9

To repair organs and tissues
Transport molecules
Send messages from on organ to another
Help combat disease

Question 10

What are amino acids and what are they broken down into

Answer 10

They are small parts that make proteins
And broken down into essential and non-essential amino acids

Question 11

What are essential and non-essential amino acids

Answer 11

Essential can’t be created within the body so must be provided in diet

Non-essential can be created in the body

Question 12

What do amino acids do

Answer 12

Break down good
Grow and repair body tissue
Make hormones and brain chemical
Provide energy source
Maintain healthy skin hair and nails
Build muscle
Boost immune system
Sustain a normal digestive system

Question 13

What is the structure or peptides dipeptides and polypeptides

Answer 13

Peptides - short chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
Dipeptides - consist of only two amino acids and are linked together by one peptide bond
Polypeptide - long chain of amino acids

Question 14

What are is included in lipids and what is the use of lipids

Answer 14

Lipids include fats and oils

Used for insulation
Used to make cell membrane
Used as an energy store

Question 15

What are fats and oil made up of

Answer 15

3 fatty acids and glycerol molecule

Question 16

What is fats and oils at room temp

Answer 16

Fats are solid at room temp
Oils are liquid at room temp

Question 17

What’re the different roles and functions of vitamins

Answer 17

Regulate body functions
Keep body healthy
Promoting resistance to disease

Question 18

What are vitamins

Answer 18

Organic nutrients that are essential for nutrition and normal growth

Question 19

What do we need minerals for

Answer 19

The development and maintenance of the skeletal structure
To regulate water exchange in the body
For the transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contraction

Question 20

What is water essential for

Answer 20

SURVIVAL

Question 21

What’re the two types of carnivores and what do they eat

Answer 21

Obligate - rely on just animal flesh
Facultative - also eat non-animal food

Question 22

How does the tongue saliva oesophagus and stomach help in digestion

Answer 22

Tongue - help move food around and pushed it to the next part of the digestive system
Saliva - lubricantes the mouth, helps swallow food, produces digestive enzymes
Oesophagus - transports food to stomach via peristalsis
Stomach - chemical digestion is facilitated by churning action

Question 23

What is chyme

Answer 23

It’s a mixture of partially digested food and gastric juices

Question 24

What are villi and microvilli a part of

Answer 24

They are a part of the small intestines

Question 25

What is villi and micro villi

Answer 25

Villi is fingerline projections that line the inner walls of the SI Microvilli is even smaller hair like projections on the surface of the cells that liken the villi

Question 26

What are the three sections that make up the small intestines

Answer 26

Duodenum first part Jejunum second part Ileum third part

Question 27

What’s the main role of the large intestines and what’s the three parts

Answer 27

Absorb water Caecum - stores undigested food material Colon - extract water and mineral salts Rectum - stores faeces until defication

Question 28

Whats the difference between foregut and hind gut fermenters

Answer 28

Foregut - fermentation occurs before the small intestines Hindgut - fermentation happens after the small intestines It affects how efficiently they extract nutrients from their food

Question 29

What are enzymes

Answer 29

They are biological catalysts

Question 30

What’re the enzymes called that digest protein and carbs and fats and what do they turn protein and carbs and fats into

Answer 30

Protein — protease —> amino acids Carbs — amylase —> sugar/glucose Fats — lipase —> fatty acids

Question 31

Catabolism and anabolism are the two types of metabolic processes but what do they do

Answer 31

Catabolism - break down complex molecules into small ones and release energy Anabolism - build complex molecules from smaller ones and require energy

Question 32

Name the organs in a ruminants and monogastric digestive system

Answer 32

Ruminant - mouth (tongue, salivary glands) - oesophagus - stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum) - small intestine - large intestine - anus Monogastric - mouth (tongue, salivary glands) - oesophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - anus

Question 33

What happens in the rumen

Answer 33

Cud is formed Digests simple and complex cards and converts them into VFA which is absorbed into the blood stream to be used as energy

Question 34

What happens in the reticulum

Answer 34

Moves smaller partly digested particles into the omasum while larger particles stay in the rumen for further digestion

Question 35

What does the omasum do and what is it also known as

Answer 35

It absorbs water from digesta AKA butchers bible

Question 36

What does the abomasum do

Answer 36

Secretes enzymes and hydrochloric acid to further break down digesta Kills bacteria before passing the contents into the duodenum

Question 37

What happens in the small intestine of a ruminant

Answer 37

Bile from the gall bladder is secreted to aid in digestion Villi increase the surface areas of the SI which aids in nutrition absorption Peristalsis mixes digesta and moves it to the next section

Question 38

What does the large intestine in a ruminant absorb

Answer 38

It absorbs water form remaining material passing then excretes remaining material as faeces to the rectum

Question 39

What’s the difference between fresh and processed food

Answer 39

Fresh - more expensive, harder to digest, great source of nutritional content, requires a combination of feed types Processed - cheaper, more digestible, provides all nutritional contents, provided with supplements

Question 40

Give some examples of fresh food and processed food

Answer 40

Fresh - greens, fruits, wheat, oats, browse, grass, Lucerne, meat Processed - processed meat, biscuits, wet food, pellets, processed feed

Question 41

What’s the main difference between wet and dry food

Answer 41

The amount of water Wet - 60-80% water Dry - 5-10% water

Question 42

What’s the shelf life, amount required, and other factors about dry and wet food

Answer 42

Wet - short shelf life, large amount required as only gives small amount of calories, more palatable, good for animals who need to lose weight Dry - long shelf life, small amount required as it has large amounts of calories, cheaper, all energy needs are met in one meal

Question 43

What’s the diet of a generalist and specialist

Answer 43

Generalist - fresh food with little processed food, often monogastric Specialist - processed feed and browse on fresh food

Question 44

How much metabolisable energy is in protein carbs and fat

Answer 44

Protein - 3.5 kcal per gram Carbs - 3.5kcal per gram Fats - 8.5kcal per gram