Feeds Final Flashcards
(297 cards)
1
Q
what is acidosis and what does is cause?
A
the blood in the animal becomes acidic from a low Ph in the hind gut or rumen, causing a change in the microbial bacteria and degreation of gut wall.
2
Q
as plants matures what happens to lighin production and the layers within the plant?
A
the layers of cellulose and hemi cellulose within the plant get thicker. Lighin that was originally just between the cellulose and hemi cellulose layer seeps in to intertwine with both layers. animals cannot digest lighin so digesibility goes down.
3
Q
why has the number of dairy farms gone down?
A
specialization which improves profitablity and better equipment.
4
Q
there is more ___ per cow and less ___ per cow.
A
more milk, less butter.
5
Q
why do cows produce more milk and not as much butter today?
A
acetate (builds fat in muscle and mammory) goes down and proprionate (glucose direct energy source) with increase grain. grain is fed more today which is a direct energy source for milk.
6
Q
cows today are fed more?
A
grain not forage.
7
Q
what happens to the acid level in rumen when forage is reduced and grain intake goes up?
A
the level of acid in the rumen goes down.
8
Q
what happens to ph in rumen when cow is forage fed?
A
ph is more close to neutral.
9
Q
does burytrate levels shift based on what you are feeding animal? what is it used for?
A
no, it does not. used in rumen maintiance.
10
Q
what is the pro and con with grazing?
A
grazing is cheaper but it is harder to control within beef/milk/butter/etc production because you dont know what the cows are consuming.
11
Q
prior to 1960s dairy production was based on ____? Herds were ____. Very little ____ was used. milk production per cow was ____.
A
grazing. small. grain. modest.
12
Q
why can beef eat a much higher level of grain?
A
they dont have to recover the rumen and make babies to lactate.
13
Q
Today cows are maintained in _____. herds are ___ and more ____. 50 precent of lactation diet is based on ____. milk production per cow is __ to ___ times greater.
A
confinement. larger. efficient. grain. 2-4.
14
Q
how has the industry transformed today (list the 4 reasons why and their subpoints)
A
- capitol investments (refrigerated bulk tanks, confinement facilities)
- feed harvest and storage (better quality feed, minimal waste)
3.feed delivery (moved away from component diets, replaced with total mixed ration) - management (improvement in genetics and nutrition)
15
Q
what period in the production cycle does a dairy cattle have the highest requirments?
A
right after calving and early lactation.
16
Q
what is happening during a dairy cattle’s dry period?
A
she is gestating and growing a calf and gets to recover between lactations.
17
Q
the production cycle and milk production curve aims to produce 1 calf per __.
A
year.
18
Q
what period has the greatest impact. on how long a milk cow will produce?
A
pre calving
19
Q
what stages are depedent on pre calving and are the transition period from dry to lactating
A
early,mid, and late lactation
20
Q
in the tradational dairy production cycle lactation and the dry period is how many days?
A
lactation- 205
dry- 60
21
Q
what is the period during the late dry period
A
transition period that begins 21 days prior to calving
22
Q
what is true about how a cow in managed?
A
how a cow in managed sets it up for the rest of the cycle
23
Q
what does the transition diet do in the rumen and why?
A
it helps to adapt the rumen as it takes 21 days for bacteria in rumen to turn over and prepare to get more starch.
24
Q
what does forage do in the rumen and mouth?
A
forage stimulates saliva production which helps buffer and lubercate rumen?
25
what diet has the most forage? what diet has the most grain?
dry, followed by transition. lactation.
26
for 20 to 40 days prior to the transition diet what is fed to cow?
corn silage base and low quality grass hay and small amount protein supplement. or hay and pasture base with energy and protein supplement.
27
what are the goals during the dry cow diets? are the dairy cows fed as much protein or energy as ___ ____?
maintain moderate body condition as we want her to maintain muscle and fat and minimize costs. not fed as much protein or energy as finishing steers.
28
when are the requirements the lowest for a dairy cow?
during the early dry period.
29
how long is they typical transition diet fed for
the final 21 days of gestation
30
what are the goals of they typical transition diet
-adapt the rumen to processing a greater nutrient load
-ensure controlled change in rumen microbial population
-limit digestive upset
31
how long does full adaptation from a forage diet to a 50 precent grain diet take
5 weeks
32
the typical transition diet is ____ quality and ____ dense
high, nutrient
33
what would too much fat do to rumen bacteria in the typical transition diet. what type of fat is generally less upsetting?
kill rumen bacteria. oil seeds.
34
why is whole cottonseed fed during the typical transition diet
it provides energy from the oil seed plus the fat reduces pH in rumen and gives fiber
35
forage is broken down by what bacteria?
celluloytic
36
starch is broken down by what bacteria.
amylolytic
37
what is ndf
neutral detergent fiber
38
the transition diet has a decrease in what dietary cations
Na,K,Ca2+, Mg2+
39
the transition diet has an increase in what dietary anions?
Cl,S,P
40
realitive increase in dietary anions creates/causes what?
a mild metabolic acidosis with triggers ca and p mobilzation from bones.
41
what is the transition diet sometimes reffered to? and what is the most widely used indicator of the ___ ____? what number is high risk for milk fever/
DCAD balence, also known as dietary cation anion deffirential. the ph of urine. urine ph greater that 7.5
42
the transition diet reduces instances of what?
hypocalcemia, milk fever
43
adequate dry matter intake prior to and after calving prevents what?
repro faliure and poor milk production
44
adequate adaptation to high grain diets, thorough mixing, and proper particle size distribution helps prevent what? how can this be avoided?
- sorting at the bunk
-acidosis
-laminitis
-ketosis
-displaced abomasum
-gradual transition from from forage to grain
45
maintence of normal blood ____ prevents milk fever?
CA
46
what makes selection decisions on how fast a cow will return to estrus?
how quickly the cow comes back into heat and gets rebred
47
what kind of return to estrus do we want and how do u get it.
early. the cow needs to have and maintain a high dry matter intake.
48
why is the conception rate higher on the moderate return to estrus even though the early return is ideal?
because some cows wont take on the first heat. most take on the second cycle because they have had longer to prepare.
49
sorting at the bunk results in what?
-excessive starch consumption
-inadequate forage consumption
-poor rumination and saliva flow
-decreased ruminal pH
-ruminal acidosis
-laminitis
50
appropriate mixing and __ ___ distribution does what?
particle size. prevents sorting, stimulates rumination and saliva flow, ruminal acidosis is minimized, laminitis is avoided
51
in the transition stage what present of particles should be greater than 1.5 inches long
15-20
52
as ____ (fermentation substrate) goes up what happens to the ph
propionate. the ph starts to decline.
53
____ ___ farther drops pH drastically.
latic acid.
54
what is the the weakest to stongest fermentation substrate?
1. acetate
2. propionate
3. lactate (lactic acid by product of fermentation)
55
why are the papilli more spread out during the transition period.
VFA adsorbition is slower
56
the papilli in the rumen change based on what?
diet
57
with a high forage diet what happens in the rumen (absorptive capicity, major end product, bacteria.)
- adsorptive capicity is modest
-major end product of fermentation is acetate
-no lactate consuming bacteria
58
with in increase in grain diet what happens in the rumen ((absorbative capicity, major end product, bacteria.)
absorptive capicity of the rumen is highly developed, there is significant ruminal production of lactate, lactate consuming bacteria present and moderate PH
59
what are keys to a successful rumen adaptation
- proper forage quality and particle size
-prevention of sorting though TMR
-gradual increase in non-forage carbs (NFC)
-gradual increase of adsorpative capicity of rumen
-gradual change in microbial population
60
dairy farmers are paid on the basis of?
gallons of milk produced
61
what do decab diets do?
reduce all number of cations and balances the positive and negative ions in a cow's diet to help prevent milk fever
62
what are the best results when testing for milk fever?
acidic urine
63
if a ___ period is poorly managed the cow is ____ compromised
transition, severley
64
what can cause grass tenity
Mg
65
ca and p do what?
help bones and muscle
66
Se does what?
antioxident
67
Mg and k are what?
cations
68
in lactation nutrition ____ quality is the most challenging
forage
69
what are the clinicial nurtients needed by the mother during lactation?
water- milk is 85 to 90 precent water
energy- balence between fiber and NSC intake
protein- metabolizable protein
70
___ and ___ are used to increase energy density
fats and oils
71
what happens tro milk yield if a cow is not recieving proper water intake?
decreases
72
protein requirements are expressed in terms of?
metabolizable protein
73
MP can be supplied by ___ or ____
feed or microbial cell protein
74
what two things are used to manufacture MCP
ruminally degreadable protein and non protein nitrogen
75
there is no accurate ___ requirements in dairy cattle
AA
76
in dairy cattle ___ and ___ are usually considered the most limiting
lysine and methionine
77
what two things are top priority in dairy protein nutrition
ruminally degradable protein and microbial requirments
78
what thing is secondary in dairy protein nutrition. what are preffered sources.
RUP. fish meal and soybean meal.
79
factors affecting microbial cell protein synthesis
-energy source
-protein source
-intake
-rate of passage
80
60 precent of intestinal protein flow is what?
Protein of microbial origin
81
40 precent of intestinal protein flow is what
protein of feed origin
82
metabolizable protein is used to meet animal ___ for ___ and ___
requirments. maintance. production
83
what is used as an indicator of over or under feeding P
milk urea nitrogen
84
higher milk urea nitrogen values mean what?
-cp is to high
-nfc is to low
-cp and nfc are not avalible at same time
85
lower milk urea nitrogen values mean what?
-produces less milk
- cp is too low
improper balence of RDP AND RUP
-NFC is highlu fermentable
86
starch is a ___ ____.
fermentable NFC
87
fiber is the ___ ____ to what in dairy cow diet?
get right
88
what are types of lipids in energy nutrition
- dietary fats
-whole oil seeds
-rumen protected fats
89
what does a thin cow cause
- less peak milk
-poor repro
90
what does a fat cow cause
- prone to metabolic disease in later lactations
91
what type of alfafa is the most high quality
late bud
92
as forages age what happens to quality
it decreases
93
lower quality forage means what?
decrease intake
94
NDF ____ intake?
determines
95
higher NDF?
lower feed intake
96
too much fermentable NFC or too much ___ causes?
- poor dmi
- acidosis
-lameness
- milk fat depression
starch
97
excess lipids cause what?
-poor dmi
- milk protein depression
98
total lipid in a dairy cow should be ?
6 precent of dietary DM or less
99
need to maintain a ___ to ___ precent NFC
35 to 45
100
to prevent diet induced lameness we need to?
- make diet changes slowly
-make sure diets meet minimum targets for NDF,ADF, AND forage NDF
-maintain 35 to 35 nfc
-use low nfc feed
-use a tmr
feed grain 3-4 times daily
101
what does fresh mean in dairy cow
just calved
102
what does early mean in dairy cow
peak of requirments and beginning of lactation
103
what is the lactation stages w/ the most requirments from highest to lowest
early is highest late is lowest
104
beef cows are most often maintained in ___ and ___ based production systems
range and pasture
105
when is supplementation provided in beef cow diets?
when pasture forage does not meet 100 precent of nutrient requirments
106
what does an emphasis on grazing mean?
that the nutrition of cows and calves is most often managed qualitatively and not quantitatively
107
how are production cycles planned in beef cattle?
to minimize use of high quality forages during periods of peak nutrient requirments
108
what are factors that influence the nutrient requirment of beef cows?
-body weight
-physiological state (preg, lactation)
-body conditon score
-growth
-physical activity
-enviroment
- anything that is a stressor or effects body temp
109
how are cow calf producers paid
based upon weaned calf weights
110
body condition looks at what?
overall fat coverage
111
the greatest nutrient requirements for beef cattle is in what stage of production
stage 1.
112
what does stage 1 entail and how long is it?
- calving to breeding
-80-90 days long
-good management is essential for adequate breeding
113
what does stage 2 of production entail and when?
-breeding to weaning
-140-150 days long
- nutrition is simple if adequate quality and quantity of forage is avaliable
- late spring to summer
114
stage 3 of production entails what?
- 90 days long
-low quality forages
-modest nutrient requirements
- mid gestation
-calf has been wea
115
stage four of production involves:
-pre calving
- 60 days long
-vast majority of fetal growth occurs
-sets the stage for successful calving and lactation
-most difficult to manage
116
in stage four of production forage availability is:
low
117
what stage of production is the most important and why
stage 4 because it is most important for calving and lactation
118
what are the impacts of inadequate nutrition in stage 4
-calving difficulty is likely
-reduced calf survival
- reduced milk production and calf growth
- delayed estrus and conception
- reduced weaning weight of subsequent calf due to later calving date
119
in beef cattle cow body condition is a measure of realitive
fatness
120
in beef cattle assets are needed for ___ nutritional management
quantitative
121
___ ___ evaluation can be used to allow ____ management of cow nutrition
body condition, quantative
122
beef cow body nutrition is evaluated on a _ to _ scale
1-9
123
body condition is directly proportional to what?
calving and repro preformance
124
a change of one body condition score is approx. equal to a change in body weight of ??
100 lbs in a mature cow
125
body condition score checks what?
the amt. of fat covering the skeletal system when cow is standing and walking. touch the cows bones.
126
to much fat on a cow and lead to what when the cow is returning to estrus
too much fat in the birth canal.
127
what are the three nutrients of PRIMARY importance for beef cow?
- net energy
-Protein (RDP, MP)
- water
128
what are the 2 nutrients of SECONDARY importance in beef cow?
1. vitamins
2. minerals
129
beef cows mostly depend on what to gain protein requirment?
rumen microbes
130
for grazing cattle what is dietary energy seasonally limited by
ruminally avaliable nitrogen
131
dietary energy may be _____ to achieve ____ ___ goal. this usually represents an inherent ___ with a given ___.
inadquate, desired perfromance, limitation, diet.
132
when microbes are deficient in ____ (___) ____ avability to both the ____ and the ___ is impaired
energy, (nitrogen), microbes, host
133
low quality forages have relatively high what? but have deficiencies in what?
high energy yieding potential. deficiencies in protein limit energy availbility to microbes and host animal
134
adequate intake of ruminally degreadbable protein drives both ___ ___ and ____ ____
energy status and forage intake
135
if a cow doesn't meet energy requirement that is due to?
microbes in not enough number or they arnt working fast enough
136
feed microbes ____?
nitrogen
137
what is the single most important factor determining the productive response of beef cows?
dietary intake
138
intake is indicative of what four things?
1. diet quality
2.animal physiological status
3.animal comfort
4. animal health
139
encouraging intake of ____ ____ roughages is the essence of what?
low quality. sucessful cow management.
140
what can help or decrease forage intake if fed incorrectly?
supplemetation
141
what is the goal w beef cattle and why?
increase low quality forage intake bc it is cheaper and helps keep production cost lower
142
feeder cattle are _____ animals intended for what?
yearling. slaughter that are fed high energy diets for finishing
143
beef calves are ____ age animals intended for what?
weaning, intended for slaughter.
144
calf fed animals are fed ___ ____ diets for the purpose of ___
high energy. finishing.
145
stocker and background beef cattle are fed to achieve ___ rates of gain for the purposes of?
modest. value capture or inventory control.
146
what do backgrounding enterprises do?
produce feeder calves ready to be fed high energy diets
147
what do stocker enterprises do?
market roughages by using them to put weight on thin young cattle
148
backgrounding enterprises and stocker enterprises facilitate the practice of?
year round finishing by providing a steady supply of feeder cattle
149
backgrounding enterprises and stocker enterprises both exploit?
excellent growth potential of young cattle
150
growing cattle are typically fed to gain between ___ and ___ lbs per day?
2 and 3
151
gains of 2 to 3 lbs per day encourage?
frame and lean growth but not necessarily fattening
152
programmed rates of gains are an excellent way to?
- control feed expenditures
-effectively plan marketing
-allocate labor resources
153
programmed gains involve tight ____....?
management of dietary nutrient densities and feeding levels
154
for any given weight and class of stocker calves diets can be easily formualted to achieve a ______ rate of gain
predetermined
155
apporpriate adjustments to feeding levels must be made to accommodate: (7 things)
- compensating cattle
-muddy lot conditions
-hair coat condition
-temp
-wind speeds
-endocrine implants
-ionophores
156
rate of passage through the gastrointestinal tract is ____ proportional to ___ ____
inversely. diet digestibility.
157
as rate of passage ___ extent of digestion decreases
increases
158
as rate of passage decreases extent of digestion ___
increases
159
the practice of limit feeding can substantially improve conversion ____..?
efficiency realitive to ad libitum feeding.
160
limit feeding involves?
replacement of a lower energy diet fed in smaller amounts.
161
successfully limit feeding requires close control of wht?
the amount of feed delivered to the bunk each day
162
effect of rate of gain on cost of gain is based on what?
how long farmers have calf.
163
cattle margin profitability is based on:
-value at sale
-value at purchase
-total cost of gain
-gross margin
164
what does the length of beef cattle ownership depend on?
- market season
-gain: ADG times days on feed
-value of added grain
165
how can beef cows be predisposed to stress during weaning?
change in diet and enviroment
166
how can beef cattle be predisposed to stress during transportation and weather.
lack of food and water, fatigue. change in temp.
167
what is commingling in beef cattle and how does it happen.
when they are predisposed to stress from social changes and exposure to novel pathogens. when one cow from one area is placed with another cow from a different area.
168
stress does what to requirments
increases them
169
when beef cow are stressed they are most susceptible to what? what is the most common disease?
respiratory infection/disease. Bovine respiratory disease.
170
beef industry is ____ segmented due to ___ ___
most, many owners
171
change in beef cattle occurs ___ than dairy?
slower
172
calves that do not get on feed quickly tend to have?
more health issue
173
in ky the CPH45 program does what
has cows weaned at 45 days minimum
174
what are three assets to control stress?
- pre-conditioning
-recieiving strategy
-revieving diets
-allow rumen to transition
175
what does pre conditioning prepare a calf for
maternal seperation, consumption of novel feeds, exposure to pathogen. cow needs to be vaccinated, casturated a dehorned, and weaned.
176
what do you do when you recieve a new beef calf to minimize stress?
- minimize handling for 7-10 days, observe cow, avoid muddy onditions.
177
what aspects of how a transition beef calf is given a diet can be used to minimize stress?
-speciallized diets for 21 days to allow rumen microbial transition
-graudal diet change
-put feed bunks and water in right places
178
intake of a ____ high concentrate diet is gradually increased over a period of 2 to 3 weeks
single
179
in finishing nutrition ____ incrementally replace roughages in the diet over a period of ___ days
concentrates. 21
180
in finishing nutrition adsorption of VFA may ?
exceed the livers capacity to precess them.acidosis is from rapid VFA production when there is the finishing transition from forages to grain
181
subclinical acidosis is more ___ but tends to ___ the most
moderate; cost
182
metabolic acidosis results from what?
excess VFA accumlation in the bloodstream
183
what is the most abudant carb?
Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate
184
how much of the land used for forages is native pasture?
Native pastureland - 40%
185
what are. Factors that affect Forage Quality
-Maturity
-type of plant
-Part of plant
-Selection - animals prefer leaves
186
older plants are?
less nutritious
187
what part of the plant is the most nutricious
leaves
188
what season are c3 grasses
cool season
189
what season are c4 glasses
warm season
190
what are forbes
broad leafed, non woody plants
191
what are browse? are they native or non native?
Browse - woody plants, stems, Leaves,
Native
192
c3 plants have more what then c4 plants?
More protein and protein digestibility
more energy availabilty
Less fiber and lignin
193
compared to grasses forbes have?
More protein + better protein degradability + more lignin
Less fiber, Similar energy
194
what are the diff types of grasses?
Cool-season (C3) vs Warm-season (C4)
Annuals vs perennials
Cultivated vs native
195
what 2 types of forbes are there?
Legumes vs non legumes
196
non legumes have no __ ___ and no ___ __ ___ __ and they are the __ ___
No symbiotic rhizobia
No fixing of atmospheric nitrogen
Most native
197
legumes have a ____ ____, positive ___ ___, are ___ and ___ and can cause ___.
Symbiotic rhizobia
+ Soil fertility
Native and cultivated
Can cause bloat
198
browse may contain ___? which do what?
tannins. which reduce protein availability to ruminal microbes.
199
what type of forage is preffered by wild animals
browse
200
browse maintain a good?
nutrient quality
201
crop residue is lower energy than __?
c4
202
what is crop residue?
Grazed corn or milo stubble, but also wheat and SB stubble
203
crop residue has high ___ and low ___
fiber, protein
204
what does nutrition depend on in crop residue?
Nutrition depends on amount of grain
205
selection of plants by cattle is based on?
Palatability
Maturity
Cattle experience
206
Grazers consistently select a diet of ___ quality than ____
greater, average
207
forages have ____ starch, but more ____ compared to ____
less, fiber, conccentrates
208
forages have _____ ____ for ____ and ______ fermenters.
Abundant energy for ruminants/hindgut fermenters
209
forages have limited use in ___- ____ but has fiber for ___ ____.
non-ruminants, gut health.
210
forages have a variable ___ ___?
nutrient content
211
Vegetative Forage Wheat has how much cp and adf
22% CP and 28% ADF
212
wheat straw has what precent cp and what precent adf
Wheat straw 3% CP and 45% ADF
213
physical evaluation including ___ and ___ ___ is not a good indicator for nutrition or __- __ _____.
color, and visual inspection, anti-quality constituents
214
what can visual inspection of forages tell?
crop length, particle size, species of plant
215
Nutrient analyses must be ___, ___, ____, and ___
meaningful, rapid, repeatable, and relatively cheap
216
what does the Van Soest Detergent System of Fiber do?
is a method for separating the digestible and indigestible parts of plant tissues using detergents.
217
after feed bag is washed with acid detergent solution what remains in bag and what leaves
remains- acid detergent fiber
gone from bag-hemicellulose
218
after bag is washed with Neutral Detergent solution what is left in the bag and what comes out
remaining in bag-neutral detergent fiber
gone from bag-cell contents
219
after bag is washed with sulfuric acid what is left in the bag and what comes out
still remaning in bag- lignin
gone from bag-cellulose
220
cell contents of forages are _____ degraded AND ___ ____.
Rapidly degraded, very digestible
221
what is in the cell wall that makes things less digestable?
Lignin
222
lignin is ____ and makes things its associated with like ___ and ___ fractions ____ ____.
indigestible and makes things its associated with like hemicellulose and cellulose fractions less digestible
223
with age what happens to the Cell wall content?
Cell wall content (NDF + ADF) increases
224
what happens to digestability and protein as a plant ages?
it goes down
225
Acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen (ADIN) estimates?
Estimates protein availability based on heat damage and amount of nitrogen in a feed sample that is bound to the indigestible part of the feed.
226
what does ADIN measure?
nitrogen content of ADF residue
227
what do u express adin as
% of total nitrogen
228
how do u find precent adin
(%N in ADF) /Total N of forage
229
in forage processing smaller particle size increases intake __
by ruminants
230
in forage processing Rate of digestion increases as
particle size decreases
231
in forage processing what happens to rate of passage. what happens to extent of digestion?
increases. decreases.
232
how do you preserve grass and legume hay
Sun Curing
233
ensiling preserves what types of forage
Corn, Alfalfa, Sorghum, Grass
234
what is haylage
grasses/legumes convention
235
what is balayage
grasses/legumes that are cut, not chopped and stored in wrap/bags
236
Conventional Silage is what
Cut/chopped corn/sorghum stored conventionally
237
advantages of hay compared to siliage
Low moisture, easier transport
Cash crop
238
disatanvatages of hay compared to silage?
Can lose dry matter during harvest due to leaf shatter
Weather dependent harvest
Expensive
239
advantages of silage compared to hay?
Less harvest loss and nutritive value
Not weather dependent
240
disatavantages of silage compared to hay?
Greater storage losses
Difficult to sell and transport
241
what is the function of molars and incisors in horses
Incisors - Selection and prehension
Molars - Chewing/grinding
242
teeth pattern of horses changes ___ ___ as ___ ___ ___.
Pattern changes with age as teeth continually grow
243
in horses the upper jaw is?
Upper jaw is wider than lower
244
in horses chewing is ____.
horizontial
245
molars can become sharp with irregular wear causing what?
injuries, reducing intake and performance
246
in horses teeth must be ___
filed or floated.
247
compare ruminants to horses:
ruminants
Complex foregut
Can use low-quality forage
MCP
Poor fat digestion
Feed energy lost to methane
horses:
(hindgut fermenters)
Complex hindgut
Need high-quality forage
Cannot use MCP
Good fat digestion
Minimal methane production
248
Physical activity results in loss of what in horses?
NA, CL,K and CA in sweat and urine
249
you need to Cool horses after extreme exercise for how long and why?
for 60-90 minutes to avoid over-consumption of cold water and flounder
250
horses need abudant ___ ___ and free choice access to __/___
water. salt/minerals
251
horses need scales with?
weather and excerise
252
Most performance problems in horses result from what? what will prevent most problems
-over/under consumption
High quality forage will prevent most problems
253
protein requirements are proportional to?
muscle mass
254
protein Requirements are expressed as in horses?
CP - few AA requirements defined
255
in horses health disorders are often related to?
nutrition
256
colic in horses causes?
Severe abdominal pain
257
what are symptoms of colic in horses?
-Loss of appetite
-Grinding teeth
-stretching posture
-Looking/kicking at abdomen
-Uneasiness and rolling
-Sweating
-Increased HR (>60BPM) + respiration
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what are causes of colic?
Intestinal spasm
Rapid diet change
Endotoxins
Obesity
Constipation
Inadequate forage
Dehydration
Ingestion of sand/soil
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colic causes streching of ____ ___.
Stretching of mesenteric support
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colic causes ___ ___ ____.
Inflammation of intestine
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what are ways to prevent colic: 8 ways
Abundant, clean water
Regular exercise with warm up and cool down
Diet changes gradually
Forage consumption of 1% of BW
Do not over feed grain
Do not feed moldy/dusty feed
Do not feed on ground
Avoid sandy pen surfaces
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Laminitis or (Flounder) is what?
Inflammation of hoof wall, resulting in tissue damage
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symptoms of laminitis?
Lameness (usually on front feet)
Abnormal hoof growth
Irregular gait
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Chronic laminitis leads to
flounder
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what is flounder
Founder is a term broadly used to describe laminitis, typically denoting a more severe form of laminitis
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what happens to the laminae of hoof wall during laminitis?
Sensitive and insensitive laminae of the hoof wall separate
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in laminitis attachment of the __ ___ to the ___ breaks down
coffin bone, hoof
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what are causes of laminitis?
Overconsumption of grain or lush pasture
Excessive intake of cold water by overheated horses
Obesity
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how to prevent laminitis?
Do not over-feed grain
Use (missed) to supply extra energy
Introduce grain and lush forages into the diet gradually
Be cautious when pasturing horses during rapid forage growth
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what is Cantharidin Toxicosis and how does it happen?
(Blister Beetle Poisoning)
Beetle/beetle parts ingested in contaminated hay
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symptoms of cantharidin toxicosis: 6 things
Blistering of oral mucosal membranes
Sweating
Muzzle splashing
Abdominal pain
Frequent urination
Low serum Ca and cantharidin in urine are diagnostic indicators
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cantharidin toxicosis causes ____ ____ and ____ ____.
Elevated respiration and irregular heartbeat
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the toxin from beetles in canthardin toxicious is an potent...?
potent irritant of mucosal membranes of the urinary and digestive tracts
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how to prevent canthardin toxicosis
Avoid harvesting field borders
Avoid crimpers
Spray field with short-acting insecticide before harvest
Purchase alfalfa hay grown before May or after September
Inspect hay if suspected
Purchase hay in areas free of blister beetles
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what types of hays are prone to beetle infestation
Legume hays, like Alfalfa,
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what is recurrent Airway Obstruction? it is similar to ___?
Similar to asthma
Lung alveoli become fibrous, scarred, and brittle increasing chance of rupture
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what are symptoms of recurrent airway obstuction?
Shortness of breath
Increased respiration rate
Chronic coughing
Heaveline on flank due to exertion of abdominal muscles
Nasal discharge
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in recurrent airway obstruction waht happens in trachea and lungs
there are irritants in the trachea and lungs that cause hyper-secretion of mucous and thickening of airways
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what are causes of recurrent airway obstruction?
Allergic reactions to fungal spores in feed, bedding, and environment
Dusty/moldy hay or environment
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how to prevent recurrent airway obstruction?
Avoid moldy/dusty hay
Avoid finely ground feed
Pasture horses when needed
High-moisture feedstuffs, like haylage
Keep pen and stable clean and dust-free
Dust-free bedding
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Azoturia is known as
(Morning-monday sickness)
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azoturia is from?
abnormal excess of nitrogen compounds in the urine. Muscle degeneration occurs that strikes performance horses
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what are symptoms of azoturia?
Stiff gait
Reluctance to move
Sweating
Accelerated HR and RR
Wine-colored urine
muscle degerneration
muscle glycogen
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azoturia causes what type of acid accumalation in muscles?
latic
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what does muscle cell destruction frm azoturia cause?
release of myoglobin, which is excreted in urine
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what effect of azoturia really effects preformace horses>
muscle degernation
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azoturia causes high ___ ___.
muscle glycogen
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what are the causes of azoturia?
Vigorous exercise after long periods of inactivity
Feeding performance horses high-energy diets during intermittent periods of inactivity
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how to prevent azoturia?
Performance horses need light exercise on days off
Allow performance horses to rest on pasture when possible
Reduce grain on days off to prevent excessive muscle glycogen
Provide warm up and cool down during exercise
Affected horses should be allowed to rest and given water (protects kidneys)
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Ionophore Toxicosis in horses is from what?
horse consumes cattle feed which have ionophores (improve effieciency and growth) that are highly toxic to horses
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what are symptoms of ionophore toxicosis>
Symptoms
Muscle tetany
Posterior weakness
Sweating
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horses need mostly ___ and ___. minimize ___.
pasture and hay. forage.
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horses need to be fed at the same ____ every day. avoid ___ changes.
time. abrupt
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do not feed horses more than ____ precent of body weight in a single sitting.
0.75% of BW in single feeding
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Feed _____ in horses to make up difference between?
Consider a vitamin/mineral supplement
concentrate. nutrients needed and in forage
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consider a ___ or ___ when feed horses. only feed __ to ___ forages per dry matter.
vit or mineral supplement. 1-2% of BW (DM basis).
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horse requirments from the ___ ___ ___ need to be followed.
nationa research council for horses.
