micro

Question 1

What are the four classes of biological molecules. what is true about them?

Answer 1

1. lipids
2. carbs
3. nucleic acids
4. proteins
   THEY DONT DISSOLVE

Question 2

what are the two types of lipids?

Answer 2

1. fats (solid)
2. oils (liquid)

Question 3

what does hydrophobic mean and what is hydrophobic?

Answer 3

fear water, lipids

Question 4

unsaturated fatty acids have at least one?

Answer 4

double carbon bond in hydrocarbon chain, making them less packed

Question 5

what is a sterol?

Answer 5

another type of lipid. very different makeup than fatty acids.

Question 6

what is a common example of a sterol?

Answer 6

cholesterol

Question 7

what is a triglyceride molecule composed of?

Answer 7

three fatty acid chains held together my glycerol molecules.

they have a “backbone” of glycerol with three fatty acid chains attached to it.

Question 8

saturated fattys acids are saturated with “__”

Answer 8

carbon

Question 9

triglyceride is also known as what in common language

Answer 9

fat

Question 10

what is a phospholipid?

Answer 10

phospholipids only have two fatty acid molecules attached to the glycerol backbone, while the third carbon of the glycerol backbone is bonded to a phosphate group instead of another fatty acid

Question 11

What four bases does dna use?

Answer 11

cgat

Question 12

what four bases does rna use?

Answer 12

cgau

Question 13

dna vs rna?

Answer 13

DNA
1. double stranded helix
2. deoxyribose sugar phosphate backbone

RNA
1. single stranded molecules
2. ribose sugar phosphate backbone

Question 14

monosaccharides are ___ sugar molecules?

Answer 14

one

Question 15

what are three types of monosaccharides

Answer 15

1. fructose
2. glucose
   3.galactose

Question 16

what is sugar made out of?

Answer 16

carbhydrates, saccharides (sugar)

Question 17

what are disaccharides?

Answer 17

two sugar molecule

Question 18

examples of disaccharides

Answer 18

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 19

what is sucrose a combination of? what is usually reffered to as table sugar.

Answer 19

glucose and fructose

Question 20

what is sucrose broken down by?

Answer 20

sucrase

Question 21

what is lactose a combination of?

Answer 21

galactose and glucose

Question 22

what is lactose broken down by?

Answer 22

beta- galactosidase aka lactase

Question 23

what is maltose a combination of?

Answer 23

glucose- glucose

Question 24

what breaks down maltose?

Answer 24

maltase

Question 25

polysaccharides are ___ sugars?

Answer 25

many

Question 26

what are examples of polysaccharides?

Answer 26

1. cellulose 2. starch 3. glycogen

Question 27

glycogen is in?

Answer 27

animals liver and some bacteria

Question 28

cellulose is?

Answer 28

plants plus some bacteria

Question 29

starch is in

Answer 29

plants and some bacteria

Question 30

glycogen is made up of a chain of?

Answer 30

glucose molecules

Question 31

lactose intolerence occurs when?

Answer 31

people get older and over time they loose the ability to digest lactose in the intestines

Question 32

what happens in the intestines when a lactose intolerent person digests lactose

Answer 32

1. creates hypertonic condition (bloating) in bowel 2. water enters the intestine resulting in diarrhea

Question 33

bacteria in the colon?

Answer 33

are perfectly happy to break down lactose. when they break it down through fermentation it and create hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane.

Question 34

what do the gases in the colon cause when a lactose intolerent person consumes lactose?

Answer 34

-bloating -flatulence -bowel sounds

Question 35

how is lactose free milk made?

Answer 35

get milk from cow and treat with lactase that breaks it down into lactose that is safe to drink for people that are lactose intolerant

Question 36

how is starch broken down

Answer 36

starch is broken down by amylase into small chains called dextrins then amyloglucosidase breaks down the glucose chains into singular molecules now called glucose syrup

Question 37

how does glucose syrup turn into high fructose corn syrup

Answer 37

half the glucose syrup molecules get broken down by isomerase into fructose. together the fructose and glucose molecules make high fructose corn syrup

Question 38

in proteins ___ is everything?

Answer 38

shape

Question 39

short chains of AA are known as

Answer 39

peptides

Question 40

proteins are made up of

Answer 40

a series of animo acids (peptides) held together by peptide bonds

Question 41

primary protein structure?

Answer 41

is a sequence of a chain of amino acids

Question 42

secondary protein structure?

Answer 42

occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds

Question 43

tertiary protein structure?

Answer 43

occurs when certain attractions are present between alpha and helices and pleated sheets. any folding that is not alpha helix or beta sheet.

Question 44

quaternary protein structure?

Answer 44

is a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

Question 45

different sequence of amino acids mean?

Answer 45

differ in primary structure and function

Question 46

what are the two kinds of folding in secondary structure?

Answer 46

alpha helix and beta sheet

Question 47

quaternary structure?

Answer 47

two or more polypeptide chains attached together by covalent bonds

Question 48

enzymes?

Answer 48

biological catalysts that lower the speed molecules have to be going to transform into product

Question 49

active site is where

Answer 49

the substrate fits into

Question 50

active site is the ___ and substrate is the ___

Answer 50

lock. key.

Question 51

substrate is what is?

Answer 51

entering the chemical reaction

Question 52

prosthetic groups are ___ attached?

Answer 52

firmly

Question 53

apoenzymes

Answer 53

protein part of enzyme

Question 54

a cofactor is?

Answer 54

the non protein part of enzyme

Question 55

apoenzyme and cofactor together is called what?

Answer 55

holoenzyme

Question 56

if the cofactor is loosly attached to the apoenzyme that is called?

Answer 56

coenzyme

Question 57

what are two types of cofactors and what are they attached to?

Answer 57

prosthetic, coenzyme. attached to apoenzyme

Question 58

the competitive inhibitor?

Answer 58

directly competes with the substrate for the active site and it has a simular shape to the substrate.

Question 59

what type of inhibitor blocks substrate binding?

Answer 59

competitive

Question 60

an incompetitive inhibitor does what?

Answer 60

attaches to the enzyme somewhere other than the active site therefore the substrate can bind but the reaction is blocked

Question 61

allosteric site is also known as what?

Answer 61

regulatory site

Question 62

allosteric inhibition

Answer 62

when an inhibitor or negative effector changes the shape of the enzyme so the supstrate can not fit

Question 63

allosteric activation is when?

Answer 63

an activator or positive effector changes the shape of the enzyme so the substrate can fit in the active site

Question 64

inhbitors are ___ to the cell while allosteric activator and inhibitor are ___ the cell

Answer 64

external,in

Question 65

denaturing of protein can be

Answer 65

reversible or irreversible, the structue is just disrupted

Question 66

coagulation is when?

Answer 66

a protein is past denaturing and denatured enough where it cannot go back to orginal shape

Question 67

competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors have nothing to do with positive and negitive effectors

Question 68

lower ot higher ph than what is ideal does what to protein

Answer 68

denatures it

Question 69

lower temp does what to enzyme activity

Answer 69

slows it down the molecules arnt smacking together

Question 70

too high of temp does what to enzyme activity

Answer 70

denatures it