Feedstuffs ID Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Any ration component that provides same useful function (provide a nutrient OR modify diet characteristics)
A
Feedstuffs
2
Q
IFN
A
International Feed Numbers
3
Q
IFN 1
A
Dry Roughages (Hay, Straw, Hulls)
4
Q
IFN 2
A
Fresh Roughages (grazes plants, fresh green chop, food crop residues)
5
Q
IFN 3
A
Ensiled Roughages (Corn silage, other various ensiled materials)
6
Q
IFN 4
A
High Energy Concentrates (Cereal grains, beet or citrus pulp, fats, sugary products)
7
Q
IFN 5
A
Protein Sources (animal or plant, legume seeds, NPN, distillers by-products)
8
Q
IFN 6
A
Minerals
9
Q
IFN 7
A
Vitamins
10
Q
IFN 8
A
Non-Nutritive Additives (flavoring, medication, color)
11
Q
feedstuffs high in structural fiber (cellulose)
A
Roughage
12
Q
result of storing wet feedstuffs in anaerobic conditions resulting in fermentation
A
Silage
13
Q
herbage that is cut and chopped in the field then fed fresh to livestock
A
Green Chop
14
Q
dehydration green forage
A
hay
15
Q
typically an energy can refer to “protein concentrate”
A
concentrate
16
Q
- low in energy because of high cell wall count
- high Ca and trace mineral content and fat soulable vitamins
- palatable to ruminants
- nutritive value extremely variable
- limited inclusion in beef finishing diets and swine rations because it’s low energy
- present in dairy rations to maintain health rumen and milk fat content
A
Roughages
17
Q
greater than or equal to 18% Crude Feed on a Dry Matter basis
A
all forages and roughages
18
Q
Two Types of Roughages
A
Proteinaceous Roughages
Carbonaceous Roughages
19
Q
Proteinaceous Roughages
A
greater than 10% crude protein (legmus hay; alfalfa)
20
Q
Carbonaceous Roughages
A
less than 10% crude protein (non legmus and low quality grasses)
21
Q
IFN 1 Dry Forages/Roughages
A
- cut, cured, and “hayed”
- we do this to preserve for winter months
- legume hay, grass hays, straws
22
Q
IFN 2 Pastures and Rangelands
A
- all forage not cut or fed fresh
- major feed for beef, sheep, goats, horses
- can be most profitable because we’re not growing/harvesting
- hard to determine consumption levels
23
Q
Pasture Managment
A
- Durable for weather and foot traffic
- long growth season
- plant variety (greater yields, better nutrition)
- moving/fertilizing
- proper stocking rate
24
Q
Stocking Rate
A
how many animals per pasture to feed on the fresh roughages
25
Pastureland Concerns
- Poisonous Plants
- Bloat (lush plant material)
- Nitrate Poisoning (accumulation after drought)
- Grass Tetany (not enough magnesium)
26
cut and cropped and fed fresh to livestock
Greenchop
27
IFN 3 Silages and Haylages
- ensiled forages not grains, tubers, roots
- maximizes use of feed sourced/acre
- silage (product of anaerobic fermentation, without oxygen)
28
Silage
goes under an anarobic condition which produces the silage to store. Plant material goes under a controlled fermentation producing acids that kill off bacteria, mold, etc.
29
IFN 4 Energy Feeds
- added for calories
- readily available carbohydrates (sugar/starches) or energy from fats/oils
- Major components in most diets cause of low cost
- low in calcium, good source of phosphorus
30
Characteristics of Energy Feeds
- more than 70% total day nutrients
- less than 20% crude protein
- less than 18% crude fiber
31
- most common and widely used feedstuff
- approximately 9% CP, 4% fat
- low in lysine
Cereal Grains - Corn
32
- can be grown in drier areas than corn
- approximatley 11% CP
- lysine, theronine and methionine limit amino acids
- must be processed for max digestibility
Cereal Grains - Grain Sorghum
33
used in brewing industry
- 13% CP
- limited in pig and poultry bc of fiber content
- palatable for horses and ruminants
Cereal Grains - Barley
34
- 13% CP
- high fiber/hull percentage
- limit in poultry and finishing rations becayse of high fiber
- used in pigs to provide stomach ulceration protection, limits back fat in hog finisher
- excellent for horses because of bulk/fiber
Cereal Grains - Oats
35
- grown for humans
- expensive
- 12-14% CP
- better feed value than corn
Cereal Grains - Wheat
36
- limited to 25-40% cattle ration
- least palatable
- 13% CP
Cereal Grains - Rye
37
- human market
- rough rice occasionaly avaible
8% CP, 9% Fiber, 1.5% Fat
Cereal Grains - Rice
38
Cereal Grains - Millet
- bird feed
39
- in mash diets for avian or swine bc of small particle design
- farrowing diet (bulk and laxative)
- show horse and cattle for bulk
Wheat Middlings
40
- cleaned oats w/o hulls
- expensive so only used in specialty diets for piglets
Oat Groats
41
- seed coat and germ of rice (from rice production)
- for premixes
- high energy (from fat)
Rice Bran
42
Molasses
- byproduct of sugar production/processing
- common in liquid form
- Benefits (binder, reduces dust, incorporate urea, highly palatable, good energy source)
43
liquid protein of milk
Whey
44
Dehydrated Milk
protein supplement, super expensive only in specialty rations
45
animal, poultry, veggie fat, resturant waste
- oxidation/rancicidty problem, used in milk replacements, swine crep, and broiler rations
- only offers energy
- 2.25x energy than starches/sugars
- negative affect of rumen microbial population
Liquid Fat
46
Beet Pulp
- residue after sugar extracted from sugar beets
- highly palatable and digestable
47
- from citrus production in southeast
- shredded or ground, pressed to remove juices and then dried very palatble and digestible, high energy value
Citrus Pulp/Meal
48
removed from store shelves after "use by" date
- can also be production waste
- nutrient content varies
- similar to corn but higher in fat and salt
- CONCERN FOR POULTRY BC OF WATER CONSUMPTION
Dried Bakery By-Product
49
IFN 5 Protein Concentrates
- contain more than 20% CP
- expensive to add
- deficiency limits growth/production
- excess protein is a waste of money and hurts environment cause of nitrogren release
- protein requierments vary (ruminats and monogastrics must have all essestial amino acids provided so quality is important)
- dairy cows need high quality protein source cause the rumen microbes can't do all that work
50
Feed Sources of Protein (Animals)
- tissues
- fish
- milk and some milk byproducts
51
Feed Sources of Plant/Veggies
- soybean meal (SBM)
- brewers dried grains (DDG)
- cotton seed meal
- sunflower meal
- canola oil
52
- seed grown for oil content for humans
- low in lysine (critical AA)
- meal is whatever remains after oil is extracted
- nutrient values vary with processing
Oilseed Meals
53
most widely used
- standard protein source for poultry and swine
- contain trypsin inhibitors which reduces protein digestion
- 44-48% CP
Soybean Meal
54
- grown where its too hot for SBM
- 45% CP
- popular in dairy cause of energy and fiber content
- contains gossypol (toxic to young ruminants and monogastrics)
- limit to less than 25% of protein
Cottonseed Meal
55
DDG
-byproduct of ethanol, beers, and distilled liqours
- contain 26-29% CP
56
Meat/Bone Meal
- 50% CP
- carcass trimmings, condemmed carcasses, livers, inedible ofal (lungs), and bone
- concerns about transfer of dieases, no longer fed ruminant to ruminant incase of mad cow
57
Blood Meal
- blood collected from slaughterhouse
- dried and ground
- 85-90% CP
- good AA profile except isoleucine, high in iron
- unpaltable and quality varies
58
Dried Skim Milk
- milk replacers or starters
59
- caught or waste from processing for humans
- defatted for use in swine because it become rancid
- fur production species
Fish Meal
60
Non-Protein Nitrogen
- contain nitrogen but not amino acids
- ONLY FOR FUNCTIONING RUMEN, hydrolizes urea to ammonia where it can be used by microbes for protein
- can be toxic when fed at high levels
61
IFN 6 - Mineral Supplements
- inorganic compounds
- small portion but critical to animal health
- need varies due to species (cattle need copper but deadly to sheep) and stage of production
- most commonly added is salt, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium
62
Salt
- most common because it isn't found in nature
- palatable
- in mxed feeds or compressed blocks to regulate intake
63
Dicalcium Phosphate
- 2 calcium and 1 phosphorus, perfect intake
64
IFN 7 - Vitamins
- concentration impacted by harvesting
- good sources of germ meals, brans, well cured hays, yeat, meat meals
- synthetically produced, and cheap
- always give too much just in case one is insufficient in herd
- water coluble sensitive to heat, light, moisture and trace elements
65
IFN 8 Additives
- antibiotics, probiotixs, dewormers, buffers, antioxidants, binding agents, coloring, flavors, hormons, medicines
- used to improve health, feed handling, and paltability
- NOT used to improve performance, feed efficiency, and VET perscribbed
- additives regulated to ensure safety for human market, animal safety, additive efficacy, minimal environmental impact
66
decrease pH caused by volatile fatty acid without causing any major increase in ruminal pH (baking soda for dairy)
buffers
67
prevent rancidity of unsaturated fats
antioxidants
68
ascorbic acid, citric acid
chemical perservatives
69
bentonite, hemicellulose extract, clay (holds pellts together)
Pellet Binders
70
good bacteria for digestion
probiotics
71
supress estrus/improve feed efficiency
Melengestrol Acetate
72
Totoal Mixed Ration
- common on dairied
- all ingredients mixed together
- allow for easy use of silage
positives are no sorting and added moisture, negatives are u need mixing skills
73
Mixed Grains
- ruminats or horses
- includes processed grains
- with or without molasses
+ minimal cost of processing
- sheep and goarts can sort thru for things they they
74
Scratch
- backyard poultry
- includes whole wheat, cracked corn, and milo
- allows for natural pecking behavior
-less digestible than processed ingredients
75
Mash/Ground
- cows don't really like
- eliminates sorting
- maximized digestion
- easily uses "meals"
76
Pellets
- used in grain mixes or as complete feeds
- complete nutriiton
- can hide less desirable feeds
- expensive 2-step proces
77
Crumbles
- younger poultry
- pellets are chopped into smaller peices
- most epensive 3-step process
78
Feedstuffs Processing
feed cost is the #1 input cost of production
79
Percentages of Feedstuffs Processing
65% dairy
55% beef and sheep
80% poultry
80
High producing livestock are on full feed and what this means is
the need processed feed even more
81
Palatable diets =
more intake = max production
82
Blended ration decreases sorting =
balanced ration
83
Efficent use of nutrients?
maximies digestibility flow of feed
84
What is feed processing?
Altering the form and or reduce the particle size for max digestibility, reduce spoilage, isolate plant parts, improve palatability, inactivate toxins and anti-nutrional factors, improve handling
85
Gran - Cold Processing
Grinding (2 ways)
Steam Rolling/Flaking
Pelleting
86
Grinding Grain
1.) Roller Mill - crushing between crimped rollers, results in fast cheap grind of similar grains
2.) Hammer Mill - broken into pieces with swinging hammers.
87
Steam Rolling/Flaking Grain
- add hot moisture then roll betwen heavy drums to flatten, increases stem exposure, flattens grain flake, and gelatanized starch, perferred from for ruminants
88
Pelleting Grain
- ground feed pushed through holes to make round pellets
- can be cracked after pellet is formed to shorten length
- some gelatinization, increases density over ground or flaked grains, can incorporate multiple grains, increases palatability of fines or undesirable ingredients
89
Spray Coating Processed Grains
- fat/molasses added by spraying or mixing into processed feeds
- could also be yeats, minerals/vitamins
- increases palatability
- reduces dust
90
Forage Processing
Baling, Chopping, Pelleting, Cubing
91
Forage Baling
- tightly tied forages (increased density 4 scooped handling)
92
Forage Chopping
Cutting forages (improves mixing, intake and digestibility of lower quality forages)
93
Forage Pelleting
Forced finely chopped forages thru die, usually larger than grain pellets (can incorporate other ingredients to make complelte)
94
Forage Cubing
2" by 2" square pellet (easier to handle than baled, but more expensive, and more accurate)
