Nutrients Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
The 6 Nutrient Categories (In order)
A
- Water
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Minerals
- Vitamins
2
Q
What of the 6 Nutrient Categories contain energy?
A
carbohydrates and proteins
3
Q
Maintenance Production Stage
A
neither gaining nor losing body energy
4
Q
True maintenance is rare in livestock, why?
A
we keep them for an end product, or they do something for us, so they’re not pasture pets (breeding, growing, etc)
5
Q
Growth and Development Production Stage
A
greater nutrient demand in young until puberty
- deficiency shows up quickly (iron shots for piglets)
- compensatory growth (if animals are deprived of nutrients they get them again and compensate)
6
Q
How are energy needs best achieved in growth and development?
A
by digestibility which is key during the growth phase cause this is when they need the most nutrients to grow
7
Q
How does frame size affect nutrient demands in growth and development?
A
When an animal is small framed they reach puberty and mature weight at a shorter time
8
Q
Reproduction Production Stage
A
nutrient keys: energy and protein
- deficiency or excess can result in low fertility/absorption
- energy needs greatest in last 1/3 of gestation
- can use dam’s tissue in moderate deficiency
9
Q
Work Production Stage
A
nutrient keys: energy and minerals and water
- simple carbohydrates are essential and easily used as energy
- sweating = increased need for Na and CI, K, B Vit. and WATER
10
Q
Lactation Production Stage
A
nutrient keys: energy, water, and protein
- great demand for nutrients, ESPECIALLY ENERGY
- water is critical short-term
- long term protein and minerals play a role and can lead to body depletion
- peak production causes body condition loses
11
Q
WATER
A
- most important and abundant nutrient, should be offered ad libitum
- over 70% of animals fat-free body weight
- negative correlation w/ body fat and age, 90-95% of blood is water
- water deficiency impacts every other nutrient
- Dr Williamson Quote “Cool, Clean, and Abundant”
- Minerals in water account for them when balancing rations
12
Q
Where is water present in body?
A
Intracellular - muscle, skin cells
Extracellular - fuilds
13
Q
Water loss and how factors impact it
A
- Urine
- Feces (cattle have watery cause they don’t absorb a lot of water)
- Skin surface
- Respiration
- Milk or other products
14
Q
Water Functions
A
- Solvent (Digestive - feed consumed mixed w/ fluid allowing water-soluble digestion, Circulatory - blood formation to carry nutrients and oxygen, Metabolic - chemical reactions like enzymes)
- Temperature Regulation - evaporative cooling
- Structural - maintain cell shape (when deprived of fluid the cell shrinks)
- Decreases Friction - lubricants and cushion joints and organs
- Transport - nutrients via blood and other body fluids to site metabolism, waste product removal eliminated in urine and digestive tract
15
Q
Progressive Water Deficiences Syndroms
A
- Decreased food intake
- Decreased performance, especially w/ high production
- Weight loss through dehydration
- Increase Nitrogen, Sodium, and Potassium excretion
- Death
16
Q
6 Factors Affecting Water Consumption
A
- DM Intake - volume and type; (high in protein because of Nitrogen increases water intake, high in mineral salts increases water intake, high in fiber increases water intake, high in moisture decreases water intake)
- Environmental Factors - temperature and humidity
- Access to Water - location, type of trough, competition
- Stage of Production - lactation
- Urinary System - sheep reabsorb water from large intestine
- Water Quality - cool, clean, and familiar (they like the same smelling water and can be picky)
17
Q
Water Consumption
A
Swine - 2.5-5 gal/hd/day (2:1 w/ dry feed)
Sheep - 1-4 gal/hd/day
Cattle - 10-14 gal/hd/day
Horses - 10-14 gal/hd/day
Poultry - 2:1 w/ dry feed
18
Q
Water Sources
A
- Drinking Water
- Water content in feed (grains and dry hay 9-13%, silage 65-75%, rain or dew may decrease water intake cause if grazing
EX: dairy consume 20 lbs of feed with 50% DM intake, consume 10 lbs of water
19
Q
When does water absoprtion occur
A
- Ruminants - rumen, mainly omasum, ilium, jejunum, and mainly large intestine
- Other Species - ileum, jejunum, cecum, and mainly large intestine
20
Q
Carbohydrates (sugars, fibers, starches)
A
- made up of 6 carbons, 12 hydrogen, 6 oxygen; ratio 1:2:1
- Primary Component in livestock feed/diets
- main energy and fiber source (also energy source in ruminants as volatile fatty acids)
- structural component in cells, cell content (storage CHO like sugars and starches), cell walls (structural CHO like cellulose and hemicellulose)
21
Q
Why are carbohydrates the primary component in livestock feed/diets?
A
Has the most energy, is easy to digest, and is the cheapest because it’s renewable
22
Q
Carbohydrates are..
A
- sugars, starches, and fibers
- fiber isn’t for every species because it’s slower energy (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin)
- Makes up 80% of DM in cereal grains and 70% in forages
23
Q
Monosaccharaides
A
- 1 Sugar molecule (glucose, fructose, and galactose)
24
Q
Disaccharides
A
2 sugar molecules (sucrose, maltose, lactose)
25
Polysaccharides
many sugar molecules (starch, alpha linkage) (cellulose and hemicellulose, beta linkage)
- others are pectins, gums, lignins, silica that aren't digestible by minerals
26
Types of CHO
Simple Non-Structural, Complex Structural
27
Simple Non-Structural Carbohydrates
- easily digested
- come from energy feeds (grains, molasses, pulp)
- contains sugars (easily broken down) and starches (enzyme breakdown)
- AKA Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE)
28
Complex Structural CHO
- more difficult to breakdown
- found mostly in roughages
- contains cellulose, hemicellulose (digestible) and lignin (indigestible)
- AKA crude fiber
29
CHO Structural Component in Cell
- Cell Content - Storage CHO sugars and starches
- Cell Walls - structural CHO cellulose and hemicellulose
30
Functions of CHO
1. MAIN - ENERGY SOURCE (GLUCOSE)
2. Building blocks for other nutrients
- turned into volatile fatty acids for energy and ruminants
- extra CHO stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells, then as fats
30
Enzyme Breakdown of CHO
- Amylase - from salivary and pancreas that act on alpha 1,4 bond in the starch = glucose + maltose + isomaltose
- Maltase - secreted by brush border membrane, acts on alpha 1,4 bond in maltose = glucose + maltose
- Isomastase - secreted by brush border membrane acts on alpha 1,6 in starch and isomaltose = glucose
- Sucrase - secreted by brush border membrane acts on sucrose = glucose + fructose
- Lactase - secreted by brush border membrane acts on lactose = glucose + galactose (not all species)
- Cellulase - secreted by microorganism acts on cellulose = glucose
31
Why don't all species have lactase?
Not all species consume milk, like avian so they don't produce lactase to break down lactose
32
Digestion of Crude Fiber
- cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are poorly digested except by ruminants and limitedly by herbivores
- they can be digested by microbial enzymes in herbivores and ruminant animals
- Nitrogen Free Extract, such as sugars and starches, are readily digested by CHO splitting enzymes (CHO)
- ALL CHO MUST BE BROKEN DOWN TO MONOSACCHARIDES (GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE, FRUCTOSE) FOR THEM TO BE ABSORBED FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE INTO THE ENTEROCYTE
33
CHO Absorption in Monogastrics
- polysaccharides broken down into monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose)
- monosaccharides must be absorbed into and out of the enterocyte
- liver converts galactose and fructose to glucose
- glucose is transported to cells requiring energy
- insulin influences the rate of cellular uptake
- liver is "grand central" for CHO metabolism (all come in and sent out)
34
End Products of CHO Digestion
1. MOSTLY Glucose - absorbed across lumen (with Na+), needs Na+/K pump (energy req.), used in cell or transported to portal blood
2. Galactose - same as glucose but then must be converted to glycose by liver
35
Proteins
- Complex organic compounds (Contain Carbon); found throughout the body in muscle, bone, ski, hair, and almost every other body tissue enzymes that power many chemical reacitons
- Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood
- at least 10,000 different proteins
- total protein in the animals body >20% in young, growing animals to 10% in older, mature animals.
- highest concentration in body next to water
36
Why is animal protein percentage different in stages of production?
Different because the body needs more protein when growing to build bones and muscle, etc.
37
What are proteins?
Long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
38
Polypeptide
Long linear chain of amino acids, Proteins are polypeptides that fold 3D, because of bonding between amino groups and carboxyl group.
39
What are amino acids?
- Proteins are made up on amino acids which contain C, H, O, and always Nitrogen (Sulfur and Phosphorus on occasion)
- long chains of amino acids are linked by peptide bonds = protein arrangements of AA and the length of the chain determines the function
- Every protein varies in number and order of AA, ALL 20 are standard AA necessary at cellular level
40
True Protein
only amino acids
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Non Protein Nitrogen
contains nitrogen and may be converted to protein by bacterial action (urea)
42
Crude Protein
total protein on tage
- protein and all other nitrogen-containing compounds
- CP = %N x 6.25 is the typical value given for a feed on the tag
43
Why 6.25 for crude protein?
Because they typically weight about 16% Nitrogen, and 16/100 = 6.25 which is the crude protein value
44
Digestible Protein
portion of crude protein animal can digest, determined by protein in feed - protein in feces
45
Essential AA
- cannot be synthesized fast enough to meet (mono and high-producing ruminants) animals requirements. Think "essential" in the diet and must be supplied in the diet. PVT TIM HALL
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PVT TIM HALL
- Essential Amino Acids
- Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine
- Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine
- Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine (Histidine, Arginine, and Leucine aren't essential in hogs)
47
Additional AA for poultry?
- glycine and proline because they can't synthesis it fast enough = semi essential amino acids
48
None-Essential Amino Acids
made from other AA or Nitrogen Sources so don't have to be on a diet all 20 AA are needed for protein synthesis
49
Limiting Amino Acids
- Amino acid not provided in adequate amounts
- Usually lysine, then methionine in most grain-based diets
- Lysine also has a reactive side chain. Meaning it gets bound to sugars easily then can't go to protein synthesis.
50
Protein Quality
amount and ratio of Essential Amino Acids present. Animals need AA not just protein.
51
Protein Quality Based on
- Digestibility
- AA Profile (digestible amount of AA compared to animals' needs or requirements. Ratio of AA with lysine @100%)
- Availability - for protein synthesis
52
Protein Functions
- Basic structure of the Body (Collagen, elastin, contractile proteins, keratin proteins, blood proteins)
- Body Metabolism (enzymes, hormones, antibodies, DNA)
- Energy Source after deamination, removal of amino group (enters Krebs cycle and if it's not a complete protein, finish the protein portion on energy metabolism model)
53
Protein Sources
- Most common feedstuffs have some protein
- Quality and Quantity varies
- Plants and most microorganisms can make all EAA from inorganic Nitrogen sources
- Animals are dependent on feed/microorganisms for amino acids
- Most animals must have a dietary source of AA
- Best way to ensure adequate protein is through selecting high quality protein and using combinations of protein sources and supplementing limiting AA like glycerin.
54
Why do monogastric and avian require balanced EAA? Do some ruminants.
They require balanced because what protein quality you feed them is what they get. Ruminants benefit from microbes in the rumen.
55
Protein Digestion in Monogastrics
- Dietary protein are way to big to enter enterocytes in small intestines
- Must be broken down into AA fragments for digestion
- the ONLY absorbable units of protein are; free amino acid, di-peptide, tri-peptide
- Hydrolysis of dietary protein by proteolytic enzymes
56
Where does Protein Digestion Happen in Monogastrics?
1) In the stomach, pepsinogen -> pepsin with hydrochloric acid
2) In the small intestine the pancreas dumps;
- Trypsinogen -> trypsin (a catalyst that activates more trypsinogen)
- Chymotrypsinogen -> chymotrypsin that breaks AA
- Procarboxypeptidase -> carboxypeptidase breaks carboxyl
- Each of these hydrolyzes peptide bonds between specific AA
3) At the brush border membrane peptidase releases more free amino acids and peptides
* PROTIENS MUST be di-peptide, tri-peptide, or free amino acid to be absorbed into the enterocyte
57
Protein Absorption in Monogastrics
Uses for Absorbable Units of Protein
1) Free Amino Acids (Protein Synthesis like enzymes, Mucus, Energy in Enterocyte)
2) DI and Tri-Peptides - the most common form that requires active absorption into enterocytes through a peptide transporter broken down into free amino acids within enterocytes then they enter the blood portal as either free amino acid OR used in the enterocyte
58
Only Free AA can be absorbed into blood expect in the case of whole protein absorption
- Rare and short term
- Important because it's the way young animals, but not long-term, get immunoglobins through the colostrum, which then builds their immune system
- Except the first 24-72 hours when intact protein crosses intestinal epithelium (immunoglobins in colostrum)
- Engulfed by mucosal cells
- Allows absorption of immunoglobins from colostrum only in the first hours after birth by mammals ONLY
59
Protein Metabolism
- AA absorbed and transported in the blood as that specific AA
- AA enters through the liver thru the portal vein
- Then used for; (That specific AA for protein synthesis, Transmitted and converted to another AA, Deaminated where an amine group is removed and the C Skeleton is used for energy)
- Disposal of ammonia of urea cycle
60
Protein Digestion in Ruminant
- Ruminants can exist within limited dietary protein sources due to microbial protein synthesis
- Essential amino acids synthesized my microbes
- Microbial protein is not sufficient during rapid growth or high production
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Protein in Ruminant Diet
- Dietary Protein
- Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP)
- Rumen Un-Degradable Protein (RUP)
- Dietary Non-Protein Nitrogen (NPN)D
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Dietary Protein
contains amino acids
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Rumen Degradable Protein
avaible for use by rumen microbes
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Rumen Un-Degradable Protein
escapes from rumen fermentation and enters small intestine unaltered
- varies with diet, and feed processing
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Dietary Non-Protein Nitrogen
- Not true protein; provides a source of Nitrogen for microbial protein synthesis
- Relatively Cheap - decreases cost of protein supplementation in diet
-Rumen microbes use dietary protein or non-protein nitrogen
- Microbes create difference between protein quality in feed and actually absorbed by host
66
Microbial Protein Synthesis
- Includes all the essential AA
- NO ABSORPTION of protein or AA from the rumen (or cecum or large intestine)
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Ruminant Digestion and Absorption
- Post-Ruminal digestion and absorption closely resemble the processes of monogastric animals
- However, amino acid profile entering the small intestine different from dietary profile
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Dietary Lipids
- Organic compound containing Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
- Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (ether)
- Includes fats, oils, and waxes
- Rich in calories (1 gram = 9.45Kcal gross energy) 2.25X Kcal found in CHO or proteins.
- Fats are made up of 3 fatty acid chains + glycerol molecule = glyceride (mono, di, or tri)
69
Dietary Lipid Function
1) Concentrated energy source = 2.25X energy as protein or CHO (primary 4 adding fat)
2) Fat-Soluble vitamin carrier for absorption
3) source of essential fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic)
70
Lipid Deficiencies
- Reduced growth, reproduction
-Skin/hair problems
- Ketosis - from tissue catabolism w/o enough energy
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Lipid Components
glycerol backbone with + 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids of varying lengths, saturations and bonds
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Fatty Acids
- vary from 2-24+ carbon length (ALWAYS EVEN)
- carboxyl group at end (-COOH)
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Why do fatty acids have an even chain length?
for the Krebs cycle, they break apart at 2 carbons at a time
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Lipid Digestion
- The majority of lipid breakdown takes place in the small intestine
- lipids are insoluble in water
- bile from the liver (gallbladder) enters through the common duct and emulsifies so that lipase can break it down
- Pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides into monoglycerides (1 fatty acid instead of 3) + 2 free amino acids
75
Why is it a challenge that the majority of lipid breakdown occurs in the small intestine?
environment is water-based, and lipids don't mix
76
Lipid Absorption
- micelle formed (from lipase breaking down the bile) and surrounded by water
- micelle dumps FFA, VIT, and monoglyceride at the brush border membrane
- FFA and MG enter mucosal cell of SI
- Vitamins enter the mucosal cell of SI
- bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum and are recycled through the liver
- once inside the enterocyte the fatty acids and monoglyceride are transported into the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are used to synthesize triglycerides
- triglycerides are packaged with cholesterol, lipoproteins, and other lipids into particles called chylomicrons
- the protein coating them makes them water soluble and signals for absorption
- chylomicrons are diffused into the lymph and enter the bloodstream, bypassing the liver EXCEPT IN BIRDS they diffuse into the blood portal
77
Rumen biohydrogenation
- Dietary lipids are hydrolyzed in the rumen by microbial lipase to form free fatty acids and glycerol
- polyunsaturated fatty acids are also hydrogenated to saturated fatty acids and glycerol is converted to propionate which is an energy source
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Why is saturating fatty acids necessary in the rumen?
critical for survival of rumen microbes
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How do we know fats are saturated in the rumen?
by their physical appearance
80
Minerals (7 MACROMINERALS)
1. Calcium (Ca) - 46% of minerals in body
2. Phosphorus (P) - 29% of minerals in body
3. Chlorine (Cl)
4. Magnesium (Mg)
5. Potassium (K)
6. Sodium (Na)
7. Sulfur (S)
81
Microminerals (Don't need to know all just know difference between macro and micro)
Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Fluorine, Iron, Iodine, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Selenium, Silicon, Zinc
82
General Mineral Information
- needed in small amounts
- contain no carbon so when burned it turns into ASH (inorganic)
- represented as "ash" in proximate analysis
- classified based on the amount found in body
- Ca = 47% of total minerals in body
- P = 29% of total minerals in body
- K, S, Na, Cl, and Mg together = 24% of minerals in body
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Macromineral
found at GREATER THEN 100 ppm
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Micromineral
found in LESS THAN 100 pmm
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General Mineral Functions
- provide material growth for bones, teeth, and tissues
- regulate chemical processes via enzyme activity
- aid in muscular activities
- release energy for body heat
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Minerals needed for body functions
- Skeletal form and maintenance - Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Mg
- Protein Synthesis - Fe, Cu
- Oxygen Transport - Fe, Cu
- Fluid Balance (Gatorade) - Na, Cl, K
- Regulate Acid/Base Balance - Na, Cl, K
- Enzyme activators or components - Ca, P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn
- Clinical deficiency signs are rare with commercially produced feed
87
Calcium (Ca) - 46% of total minerals in body (Functions)
- bone formation
- blood coagulation
- muscle contraction
- milk and egg production
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Calcium (Ca) - 46% of total minerals in body (Deficiency Symptoms)
- rickets or osteomalacia (softening of bones/swollen joints)
- hypocalmenia (milk fever) in cows
- reduced/thin shelled eggs in egg production
- Interactions - Vit D helps, P and Mg hurts absorption
89
Phosphorus (P) - 29% of toal minerals in body (Functions)
- bone and teeth
- acid/base balance
90
Phosphorus (P) - 29% of toal minerals in body (Deficiency Symtoms)
- rickets or osteomalacia
- reduced egg production
- Interactions - Vit D, Ca, and Mg relationships
- Toxicities - cause cause urinary calculi in male ruminants
91
Sodium (Na) - Functions
- cellular osmotic pressure
- cellular acid/base balance
92
Sodium (Na) - Other
- Deficiency (reduced growth, eye disturbances/lesions, reproductive failure
- Toxicities - staggering, blindness, nervous disorder
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Chloride (Cl) - Functions
- cellular osmotic pressure
- cellular acid/base balance
- hydrochloric acid for digestion
94
Chloride (Cl) - Other
Deficiency - reduced growth
Toxic - unlikely but caution used in poultry diets
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Magnesium (Mg) - Functions
- enzyme activator
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Magnesium (Mg) - Other
- Deficiency - vasodilation, disequlibirum, trembling, grass tetany (looks like mad cow, makes them tremble)
- Interactions - excess disturbs Ca and P uptake
- Toxic - unlikely but excess does disturb Ca and P uptake
97
Potassium (K) - Functions
- intercellular fluid
- acid/base balance
- muscle activity
98
Potassium (K) - Other
- Deficiency - hypokalemia (low blood potassium), abdominal distention
- Interactions - excess K will reduce Mg absorption, Mg deficiency reduces K retention
- Toxic - none except Mg absorption
99
Sulfur (S)
Functions - S containing AA (cytosine, methionine), Biotin, and thiamine component
- Deficiency - reduced growth due to sulfur AA limitation
100
Vit/Min Relationships
- Ca and P with Vitamin D (needed for proper Ca and Phosphorus absorption)
- B12 needs Co - for formation in the rumen (microbes)
- Se (Selenium) and E (Vit E) - sparing relationship (more E you have, the less Se and vice versa)
101
Vitamins General Info
- "vita amines" are essential and contain N
- ruminants benefit from microbial synthesis
- animals are unable to synthesize Vit B and K and many of these compounds
- Vitamins are effective in small amounts
- 16 vitamins are considered essential to animal nutrition
- Specific Function and cannot replace each other
- Deficiencies result in specific disease or syndrome
- Generally inexpensive so routinely added to commercial rations
102
Vitamins
organic compound essential for life
103
Fat Soluble Vitamins
- A, D, E, and K
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Fat Soluble Vitamins Function
- regulates metabolism of structural units
- absorbed from intestinal tract with fat
- excess FS vitamins are stores wherever fat is deposited, and in liver
- storage increases with intake
- contain only C, H, and O
105
Vit A
vision and maintain epithelial cells
106
Vit D
Ca absorption and bone deposition
107
Vit E
metabolic antioxidant
108
Vit K
blood clotting
109
Water Soluble Vitamins
B-complex (many) and C
110
Water Soluble Vitamins Functions
- cofactors of enzymes
- energy transfer
- metabolism of nutrients
- needed daily
- excess is not stored
- excreted in urine and some feces
- B vitamins synthesized by rumen microbes
111
