Feet

Question 1

Mechanical concepts behind arches of foot- keystone, windlass, beams, staples

Answer 1

Keystone- talus and cuboid, stability (locking Jts)
Staples- finvidual ligaments- link metatarsal bones
Beam- plantar ligaments, plantar fascia
Suspension- peroneus longus (provides tension- when relaxed recoil and regenerates arch)

Question 2

How plantar fascia supports foot fascia

Answer 2

Windlass mechanism- contracts and pulls back on posterior structures
Inc stability during weight bearing and locomotion
Proximity of plantar surface= greater leverage and shock absorption
Like a ligament (less flexible= stabilises heel and toe, supports twisting)

Question 3

2nd class lever

Answer 3

E.g. tip toes
Effort in middle- gastrocs
Fulcrum- metatarsal Jts
Load- body weight

Question 4

Roll and slide

Answer 4

Convex-concave
Sliding in opposite directions

Concave- tibia
Convex- talus
Dorsi flexion- talus rolls anterior and slides posterior
PF- talus rolls posteriorly and slides anteriorly on the calcaneum

Question 5

Ground reaction forces

Question 6

Neuromuscular intelligence

Answer 6

Central control (in brain/spinal cord), local control (spinal nerves- peripheral nerves- muscles/ligs), corrective measures (part of feedback and feedforward), feedback loops
Extrapyramidal system (around medulla)- control muscle tone and posture, maintains posture equilibrium via active adaption (how its adapted during walking)- e.g., hip shift on walking
Basal ganglia- smooth out motor behaviour and inhibit unwanted movements
Sensory feedback is via visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive mechanisms

Question 7

Balance

Question 8

Equilibrium

Question 9

Stability/stabiliers

Answer 9

Capsules
Deltoid ligaments
Spring ligaments
Retinaculum
Soleus
Peroneal group
Sinus tarsi ligament

Question 10

Sinus tarsi

Answer 10

Tunnel between talus and calcaneus
Filled w connective tissue- highly innervated with mechanoreceptors (= inc info, proprioception)

Question 11

How anatomy supports weight distribution through foot during walking

Answer 11

Longitudinal arch- med/lat
Flexible and can twist to certain point
Inc twist of med arch= inversion
Dec= eversion
This control stabilises Jts and inc leverage of propulsion

Long and short plantar legs= support

Lat arch= keystone- cuboid (stability)
Produces stirrup= supports arch

Question 12

Movers

Answer 12

Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior flexor digitorum group
Extensor digitorum group