Female

Question 1

What makes someone a female during sexual differentiation?

Answer 1

Absence of SRY genes

Question 2

What are the female gonads called?

Answer 2

Follicles

Question 3

What are female germ cells?

Answer 3

Oogonia

Question 4

What cells make up progesterone and (sorta) estradiol?

Answer 4

Theca cells

Question 5

What cells produce estradiol?

Answer 5

Granulosa cells

Question 6

What (of the genitalia) makes a phenotypic female?

Answer 6

Clitoris

Question 7

What dictates the female phenotype?

Answer 7

Lack of antimullerian hormone and testosterone

Question 8

How long does the absence of SRY genes produce ovarian differentiation?

Answer 8

9 weeks gestation

Question 9

What produces estrogen?

Answer 9

Ovaries

Question 10

Is estrogen required for development of internal or external genitalia in the female?

Answer 10

No

Question 11

What is estrogen required for?

Answer 11

For female maturation, not for development

Question 12

What duct differentiates in the female to make up the internal genitalia? Why does it differentiate that way?

Answer 12

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct; lack of antimullerian hormone

Question 13

The mesonephric (Wolffian) duct does what in the female?

Answer 13

Degenerates due to a lack of testosterone

Question 14

High levels of androgens can do what in a female?

Answer 14

Give them a male phenotype

Question 15

What prevents the descent of the ovaries from fully passing through the inguinal canal?

Answer 15

Ovarian ligament and the round ligament of the uterus attach them to the uterus

Question 16

What can still pass through (but is hardly ever really found in dissection) through the inguinal canal of the female?

Answer 16

Round ligament of the uterus

Question 17

Where are the primordial gonads found?

Answer 17

Retropertioneally on the posterior wall

Question 18

The ovarian ligament connects what to what?

Answer 18

Ovary to uterus

Question 19

The round ligament connects what to what?

Answer 19

uterus to labia majora

Question 20

Where are the ovaries with respect to the broad ligament?

Answer 20

posteriorly

Question 21

The ovaries are suspended by what two structures?

Answer 21

Suspensory and ovarian ligaments

Question 22

Key difference between male and female in terms of gamete production?

Answer 22

New gametes are continually produced in males, females are born with all the gametes they will ever have and do not make new ones

Question 23

What is the cortex of the ovary comprised of?

Answer 23

follicles

Question 24

Follicles contain

Answer 24

oocytes, ganulosa and theca cells

Question 25

Granulosa cells also posses what?

Answer 25

17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and aromatase

Question 26

What converts androgens to estrogen?

Answer 26

17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and aromatase

Question 27

theca cells can sort of produce estradiol how?

Answer 27

in addition to progesterone, they also produce androstenedione, which needs 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and aromatase (2 enzymes) to finish converting androstenedione to estrogen; this is completed by the granulosa cells

Question 28

oogenesis occurs when?

Answer 28

during gestation

Question 29

meiosis for oogenesis stops twice in a females life cycle when?

Answer 29

from birth-puberty and again from puberty to ovulation and is only completed if fertilization happens

Question 30

Follicle depletion results in what?

Answer 30

Menopause

Question 31

about how many primordial ogonia are found?

Answer 31

7 million

Question 32

about how many primary oocytes are found at birth in meiosis i?

Answer 32

2 million

Question 33

about how many are found in meiosis i at puberty?

Answer 33

400,000

Question 34

about how many oocytes are found at menopause?

Answer 34

virtually 0

Question 35

What is the main follicle that undergoes maturation?

Answer 35

Graafian follicle

Question 36

Primary follicles mature to secondary follicles when?

Answer 36

Monthly after puberty in preparation for ovulation

Question 37

What is ovulation?

Answer 37

The Graafian follicle capsule breaks and releases an oocyte

Question 38

When does rupture of the Graafian follicle happen in the ovarian cycle?

Answer 38

Day 14

Question 39

After ovulation, what happens to the ruptured Graafian follicle?

Answer 39

It persists as the corpus luteum

Question 40

What does the corpus luteum do?

Answer 40

Produces progesterone until a placenta forms

Question 41

If no fertilization occurs, what happens to the corpus luteum?

Answer 41

It degenerates and becomes known as the corpus albicans

Question 42

Ovarian vessels run in what ligament?

Answer 42

Suspensory

Question 43

Where does the sperm usually meet the egg in fertilization?

Answer 43

Usually in the ampulla of the fallopian tube

Question 44

What helps sweep the secondary oocyte into the lumen of the uterus?

Answer 44

Fimbriae

Question 45

Once inside the lumen, what moves the oocyte down toward the utreus?

Answer 45

Cilia

Question 46

Where is the fundus of the uterus?

Answer 46

At the top, between the fallopian tubes

Question 47

The uterus's main job is to what?

Answer 47

Support the developing embryo

Question 48

What layer of the uterus undergoes cyclical changes in response to hormones?

Answer 48

Endometrium

Question 49

What are the three purposes of the vagina?

Answer 49

Provide egress for menstrual flow Receptacle for male gametes Lower portion of birth canal

Question 50

Anteversion and Retroversion refers to what part of the uterus that's bent?

Answer 50

the angle relative to the vaginal canal

Question 51

Anteflexed and retroflexed refers to what in the uterus?

Answer 51

The top part is tilted more toward the bladder (anteflexed) or toward the sigmoid colon (retroflexed)

Question 52

Why are women more predisposed to UTIs?

Answer 52

Becuase it's a relatively short distance between the urethra, the vagina and the rectum, and the urethra is really short

Question 53

Description of the labia majora:

Answer 53

thick and hair-bearing

Question 54

Description of the labia minora

Answer 54

Thin, non-hair-bearing

Question 55

The vestibule contains what?

Answer 55

Vaginal and urethral openings

Question 56

How would you put in a catheter in a female whose urethral opening is difficult to find?

Answer 56

You would look for the folds below the clitoris

Question 57

What erectile bodies make up the clitoris?

Answer 57

corpora cavernosa

Question 58

what do the corpora spongiosa form in the female?

Answer 58

They make up the bulbs of the vestibule

Question 59

What is the Cowper's gland in the male analagous to in the female?

Answer 59

Bartholin's gland

Question 60

Where do vestibular (Batholin's) glands secrete in reference to positioning?

Answer 60

at the 5 and 7 o'clock

Question 61

Anterior pituitary gland tells what other organ what to do?

Answer 61

The ovaries

Question 62

The ovaries tell what in the uterus what to do?

Answer 62

Endometrium

Question 63

Which sex hormone is involved in gamete maturation?

Answer 63

FSH

Question 64

Which sex hormone is involved in hormone maturation?

Answer 64

LH

Question 65

In the early phase of the ovarian cycle, what feedback mechanism does estrogen employ?

Answer 65

Negative

Question 66

In mid-cycle, estrogen employs what kind of feedback mechanism on the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus?

Answer 66

Positive

Question 67

Late in the ovarian cycle, which hormone employs a negative feedack on the hypothalamus and the anteiror pituitary?

Answer 67

progesterone

Question 68

What are the gonadotropins produced in the pituitary gland?

Answer 68

FSH and LH

Question 69

What does the hypothalamus release in order to stiumlate the release of FSH and LH?

Answer 69

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 70

What hormone is more elevated throughout reproductive years?

Answer 70

LH

Question 71

Which gonadotropin stimulates granulosa cell proliferation and estradiol synthesis?

Answer 71

FSH

Question 72

Which gonadotropin induces ovulation and stimulates theca cell progesterone synthesis?

Answer 72

LH

Question 73

Difference between ovarian cycle and the menstrual cycle?

Answer 73

Ovarian is the follicular and oocyte maturation, ovulation happens at day 14, regulated by gonadotropins, corpus luteum persists Menstrual cycle is when the endometrium sloughs during the first 7 days, then the endometrium repairs and regenerates and is regulated by ovarian hormones

Question 74

Both the ovarian and menstrual cycles start when and end when?

Answer 74

Puberty; menopause

Question 75

Ovarian cycle is driven by what?

Answer 75

Gonadotropins, FSH, LH

Question 76

Menstural cycle is driven by what?

Answer 76

Ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone

Question 77

What are the three stages in the menstural cycle and when are they?

Answer 77

0-7 days - menstrual phase; destruction of functional zone 7-14 days - proliferative phase; repair and regeneration of functional zone 14-28 days - secretory phase; secretion by uterine glands

Question 78

What are the 2 stages in the ovarian cycle and when are they?

Answer 78

0-14 days - Follicular phase; follicular development, peak in LH, ends at ovulation 14-28 days - Luteal phase; corpus luteum forms and then becomes albicans, LH decreases until FSH becomes more prominent

Question 79

In the follicular phase, what does the FSH do?

Answer 79

FSH stimulates granulosa cell growth and secretion of estrogen; rising estrogen produces positive feedback on gonadotropin excretion (you get LH spikes that stimulate ovulation)

Question 80

In the luteal phase, what does LH do?

Answer 80

Stimulates theca cell secretion of progesterone and, indirectly, estrogen; progesterone exerts negative feedback on gonadotropin secretion

Question 81

When are there a drop in estrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle and why is that?

Answer 81

First 7 days, due to atrophy of the corpus luteum into the corpus albicans

Question 82

What causes proliferation in the endometrium?

Answer 82

Rise in estrogen

Question 83

High estrogen results in what in regards to the cervical mucous?

Answer 83

"ferning," to facilitate sperm motility, this indicates that the mucous is thin and watery to let the sperm get there

Question 84

What hormone rises in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 84

Progesterone

Question 85

What happens in regards to the endometrium in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 85

Increased vascularity and secretory activity of the endometrium; cervical mucous thickens, basal body temperature increases and finally the coprus luteum degenerates

Question 86

If implanation does occur, what happens to the corpus luteum?

Answer 86

It remains until the placenta is formed to maintain progesterone production

Question 87

Why does the corpus luteum remain longer in pregnancy?

Answer 87

Due to the hCG level

Question 88

Estrogen is responsible for what in the female?

Answer 88

Breast and sex characteristics, pregnancy maintenance, libido, lowers LDL, anti-osteoporosis, heart protection

Question 89

Effects of progesterone?

Answer 89

Maintenance of pregnancy, PMS? Breast development?

Question 90

What happens in menopause (symptoms, whole body)? And how can you treat it?

Answer 90

Ovaries and hormones decline, vaginal epithelium dries, breast mass decreases, bone resorption increases, vascular instability, emotionally labile Hormone replacement therapy can alleviate symptoms, prevent osteoporosis and reduce the risk of heart disease