Male

Question 1

What determines male-ness?

Answer 1

Presence of SRY genes

Question 2

What cells produce antimullerian hormone?

Answer 2

Sertoli cells

Question 3

What comprises the male gonads during sexual differentiation?

Answer 3

seminiferous tubules

Question 4

What do germ cells become?

Answer 4

spermatogonia

Question 5

What cells produce testosterone?

Answer 5

Leydig cells

Question 6

What dictates the male phenotype?

Answer 6

Antimullerian hormone and dihydrotestosterone

Question 7

The testes produce which hormones required for male-ness?

Answer 7

Testosterone and antimullerian hormone

Question 8

What stimulates the development of internal genitalia?

Answer 8

Testosterone

Question 9

What, essentially, does the antimullerian hormone do during sexual differentiation?

Answer 9

Prevent falling back to the default female sexual development

Question 10

The scrotal ridge is analagous to what in the female?

Answer 10

Labia majora

Question 11

What duct degenerates as the male sex differentiates? Why does this happen?

Answer 11

Mullerian, due to the antimullerian hormone

Question 12

What is required for the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct development?

Answer 12

Testosterone

Question 13

Where in relationship to the peritoneum are the primordial gonads found?

Answer 13

Retroperitoneal

Question 14

As the testes and associated structures descend, what structure do they go through as they “drop?”

Answer 14

Inguinal canal

Question 15

What layer of the testes becomes obliterated between birth and adulthood?

Answer 15

Process vaginalis

Question 16

When is the descent of the testes “usually” complete by?

Answer 16

8 months into gestation

Question 17

What is important about the scrotal location for sperm development?

Answer 17

Cooler temperatures

Question 18

At what age do you need to surgically descend the testes if they haven’t naturally done so?

Answer 18

about 1 year old

Question 19

Scrotal movement (expansion and contraction) is important for what?

Answer 19

To keep the sperm at optimal temperatures

Question 20

What are the testes made out of and what is that composed of?

Answer 20

Seminiferous tubules, arranged into lobules that contain germ cells and Sertoli cells

Question 21

Where are the Leydig cells found in a descended testes?

Answer 21

In the surrounding connective tissue

Question 22

Layers of the testes

Answer 22

Testes, tunica vaginalis (visceral layer, serous membrane cavity from peritoneum, parietal layer)

Question 23

What does the serous membrane do for the testes?

Answer 23

Gives it mobility

Question 24

Gonads do what?

Answer 24

Make sex cells (male) or mature sex cells (female)

Question 25

When does spermatogenesis end?

Answer 25

Never

Question 26

What is the result of the meiosis of spermatogenesis?

Answer 26

haploid spermatids

Question 27

What changes to spermatids undergo to become mature gametes?

Answer 27

Lose cytoplasm, acquire flagellum

Question 28

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

Answer 28

Seminiferous tubules

Question 29

Where do spermatids undergo maturation and motility?

Answer 29

Epididymis

Question 30

Where are spermatozoa stored until ejaculation?

Answer 30

epididymis, where they can survive for several months

Question 31

What is the tract of the sperm for ejaculation?

Answer 31

Epididymis > ductus vas deferens > ejaculatory duct > urethra

Question 32

What glands contribute to make semen?

Answer 32

Seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral

Question 33

What gland holds the seminal vesicles?

Answer 33

Prostate

Question 34

What gland contributes to make up most of the semen volume? What percentage? What does it contribute?

Answer 34

Seminal vesicles (60%), frucotse as energy for the sperm

Question 35

What two glands contribute to making semen alkaline?

Answer 35

Prostate and the bulbourethral

Question 36

What is the importance of alkaline in semen?

Answer 36

To enhance spermatazoa survival

Question 37

What are the erectile bodies in the penis? And where are they located?

Answer 37

Dorsal corpora cavernosea and ventral corpus spongiosum

Question 38

What structure forms the glans penis?

Answer 38

Corpus spongiosum

Question 39

What produces erection?

Answer 39

Autonomics

Question 40

What empties the penile urethra?

Answer 40

bulbus spongiosum (bulb of the penis muscle)

Question 41

What is responsible for the enlarging of the erectile bodies?

Answer 41

parasympathetic-mediated vasodilation

Question 42

What is the vasodilator responsible for erection?

Answer 42

Nitric oxide

Question 43

Essentially, what do ED drugs do in regards to nitric oxide?

Answer 43

They inhibit the breakdown of nitric oxide's second messenger; they are phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Question 44

What erectile bodies are responsible for erection?

Answer 44

coproa cavernosa

Question 45

In addition to causing vasodilation, what else do parasympathetics do in an erection?

Answer 45

Accessory gland secretion

Question 46

Ejaculation and emission are what kind of mediated responses? And what, essentially, is the response?

Answer 46

Sympathetic; muscular contraction of the vas deferens

Question 47

What skeletal muscles assist in ejaculation?

Answer 47

Ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus

Question 48

What is the "crash" after ejaculation called? And what kind of mediated response is it?

Answer 48

Detumescense; sympathetic

Question 49

What is detumescense?

Answer 49

Vasoconstriction and decompression of penile veins

Question 50

What kind of nerves are involved in erection and secretion?

Answer 50

Parasympathetics via S2-4, pelvic splanchnics

Question 51

What kind of nerves are involved in emission?

Answer 51

Sympathetics T11-12; hypogastric nerves

Question 52

What nerves are involved in ejaculation?

Answer 52

Somatic, pudendal nerves S2-4

Question 53

What is the typical amount of semen released in ejaculation? And what makes up semen?

Answer 53

2-5 mL; spermatozoa and fluids from the accessory glands

Question 54

What gonadotropins (pituitary hormones) regulate sex hormones?

Answer 54

FSH and LH

Question 55

What does the hypothalamus release to tell the pituitary gland to start producing gonadotropins?

Answer 55

GnRH - gonadotropin-releaseing hormone

Question 56

What does LH do?

Answer 56

Triggers hormone production; stimulates androgen secretion in Leydig cells

Question 57

What does FSH do?

Answer 57

Triggers gamete production; stimulates spermatogenesis and Sertoli cell function

Question 58

Which gonadotropin is more elevated during reproductive years?

Answer 58

LH

Question 59

Which gonadotropin is more elevated during childhood?

Answer 59

FSH

Question 60

What has a negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to stop testosterone production?

Answer 60

testosterone

Question 61

What does FSH produce that creates a negative feedback system on the anterior pituitary?

Answer 61

Inhibin

Question 62

Which (testosterone or inhibin) has a stronger impact on a negative feedback?

Answer 62

Testosterone

Question 63

What enzyme is required for conversion from testosterone to dihydrotestosterone? And what is the importance of this conversion?

Answer 63

5 alpha-reductase; development of male external genitalia, prostate growth, and male hair pattern

Question 64

5 alpha-reductase inhibitors are used for what conditions?

Answer 64

BPH and hair loss prevention

Question 65

Though testosterone is produced in the in Leydig cells, what non-androgenic steroid really allows for testosterone production?

Answer 65

17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Question 66

T or F | Testosterone effects are really caused by DHT?

Answer 66

F

Question 67

Lack of DHT does what to a male?

Answer 67

Limits external genitalia development and male hair patterns

Question 68

What mutation is responsible for 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in the DR?

Answer 68

2p23 mutation

Question 69

As a result of a 5 alpha-reductase deficiency, what can happen as the patient grows?

Answer 69

Child may be mistaken as a girl, but will grow like a body without a defined scrotum/penis, no body or facial hair Male pseudohermaphrodite; undescended testes and hypospadia in penis (may look like an enlarged clitoris, but with a "pee hole")

Question 70

How is 5 alpha-reductase deficiency treated?

Answer 70

If they choose to be a male - androgens that don't require 5 alpha reduction If they choose to be female - orchiectomy, estrogen therapy, introital correction