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Y2 Reproduction > Female comparative anatomy > Flashcards

Female comparative anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different uterus types and in which species are they found?

A
  1. Simplex - no uterine horns - primates
  2. Bicornuate - poor to moderately developed uterine horns - mare and cow
  3. Bicornuate - highly developed uterine horns - bitch, queen, sow
  4. Duplex - two cervices - marsupials and rabbits
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2
Q

Which structure can not be picked up in a mare during a rectal examination?

A

The cervix - due to tight dorsal attachment of mesometrium

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3
Q

In which species is the CL not palpable?

A

Mare

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4
Q

Which follicular cells synthesise oestrogen?

A

Granulosa cells

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5
Q

Compare cow ovaries to mare ovaries

A
  • Cows are smaller than a mare
  • Mares are bean shaped, cows are not
  • Both ovulatory follicle
  • Corpus luteum only protrudes in a cow
  • Cows ovulate from different places, mare only ovulate from the ovulatory fossa
  • Cows have an extensive infundibulum, whilst a mares is small
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6
Q

A dominant follicle will only ovulate if which hormone is at basal level?

A

Progesterone

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7
Q

In a mare, what prevents ovulation through the surface of the ovary?

A

Tough tunica albuginea

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8
Q

Where does ovulation occur in the mare and why is it at this point?

A
  • through an ovulation fossa

- there is no tunica albuginea in this area, located in the hilus of the ovary

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9
Q

How is the oocyte released into the infundibulum in the mare?

A

Because the follicle is so large 3.5-5cm, one part of the periphery of the follicle impinges on the ovulatory fossa, this area ruptures causing the oocyte to be released

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10
Q

What are the 3 components of the oviduct?

A
  • infundibulum
  • ampulla
  • isthmus
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11
Q

What is the role of the infundibulum and why is it less extensive in mares compared to other species?

A
  • Captures the oocyte
  • Most species ovulate at random point so need extensive infundibulum to capture oocyte.
  • The mare always ovulates from a single ovulation fossa so infundibulum less extensive
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12
Q

What is the function of the ampulla?

A

Site of fertilisation

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13
Q

What is the function of the isthmus?

A

Where sperm are stored

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14
Q

Which structure forms an ovarian bursa and what is the role of this?

A

Mesosalpinx

Peritoneal sac encapsulating the ovary

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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of uterine tissue?

A

Perimetrium - outside serosa
Myometrium - muscle layer
Endometrium - mucosa and submucosa

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16
Q

Describe the placenta of a sow and mare

A

Diffuse placenta - endometrial folds throughout the uterus contribute to the maternal placenta

17
Q

What is distinct about the uterine tissue of cattle and sheep?

A

They have maternal caruncles

18
Q

What is the role of the cervix during pregnancy?

A

It isolates the conceptus from the external environment

19
Q

Briefly describe the cervixes of the following:

  1. queen and bitch
  2. cow and ewe
  3. mare
  4. sow
A
  1. Small and smooth
  2. Have distinct protrusions called cervical rings
  3. Has longitudinal folds which are continuous with endometrial folds
  4. Has interdigitating prominences
20
Q

What are 3 reasons you may introduce a catheter through the cervix?

A
  • AI
  • Embryo transfer
  • Treating uterine infections
21
Q

Which tissue are the caudal vagina and vestibule derived from?

A

Ectoderm

22
Q

Which tissue is the cranial vagina and uterus derived from?

A

Mesoderm

23
Q

What are the names given to the inner and outer foetal sac?

A 
inner = amnion
outer = chorioallantois
24
Q

The allantoic cavity is continuous with which part of the developing foetus?

A

Foetal bladder

25
Q

What provides interface with the dam?

A

Chorionic villi

26
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A
  • Provides an interface for metabolic exchange between the foetus and dam
  • Produces hormones to maintain pregnancy
  • Stimulates maternal mammary gland
  • Produces hormones to promote foetal growth
27
Q

What is the foetal contribution to the placenta?

A

Allantochorion

28
Q

What is the functional part of the foetal placenta?

A

Chorionic villus - increase SA for exchange, protrude towards the uterine endometrium

29
Q

What type of placenta do cows and sheep have?

A

Cotyledonary placentae - button like regions of chorionic villi

30
Q

What are the 6 epitheliochorial layers in cattle, sheep, pigs and mares?

A
  1. Endometrial capillary
  2. Maternal basement membrane
  3. Maternal endometrial epithelium
  4. Fetal chorion
  5. Fetal basement membrane
  6. Chorionic capillary
31
Q

What are the 3 functions of the amniotic membranes and fluid?

A
  • encloses foetus
  • hydrostatic pressure for foetus
  • mucoid at the end of gestation to provide lubricant for birth
32
Q

What are the 2 functions of the allantoic membranes and fluid?

A
  • Early collection of urine

- Hydrostatic protection

33
Q

Which umbilical vessels make up the umbilical cord?

A
  • Urachus
  • Two umbilical arteries
  • Umbilical vein (bifurcates in ruminants)
34
Q

What does the urachus connect?

A

The bladder to the allantoic cavity

35
Q

What do the following become:

  1. Umbilical artery
  2. Umbilical vein
  3. Urachus
A
  1. Round ligament of the bladder
  2. The round ligament of the liver
  3. The median ligament of the bladder
36
Q

What happens to the umbilical cord at birth?

A
  • Amniotic membrane of cord is broken
  • Umbilical arteries retract back
  • Umbilical vein and urachus close

Y2 Reproduction (6 decks)

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