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Y2 Reproduction > Pharmacological agents used in reproduction > Flashcards

Pharmacological agents used in reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

For General pharmacokinetics how are polypeptides and proteins used, and why?

A
  • Shouldnt be administered orally as they are destroyed in the GI tract
  • Well absorbed from injection sites
  • Do not penetrate blood brain barrier
  • Rapidly metabolised in the liver and kidney by proteases
  • Little excreted
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2
Q

For General pharmacokinetics how are glycoproteins used and why?

A
  • Destroyed in the GI tract following oral administration
  • Well absorbed from injection sites
  • Do not penetrate BBB
  • Slowly metabolised by liver and kidneys
  • No detected in urine or faeces
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3
Q

For General pharmacokinetics how are steroids and thyroid hormones used and why?

A
  • Well absorbed from the gut following oral administration (need to be resistant to liver enzymes)
  • Bound to plasma-binding proteins
  • Evenly distributed in the body, including the CNS
  • Readily excreted
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4
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of GnRH agonists

A
  • Endogenous GnRH is released in pulses from the hypothalamus and binds to specific receptors in the anterior pituitary
  • Pharmacological preparations given in pulses will stimulate release of FSH and LH
  • Continuous release agents will cause receptor downregulation and inhibit LH and FSH release
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5
Q

Compare the effect of giving GnRH in pulses and continuously

A 
Pulsatile = positive effect on GnRH, causing release of FSH and LH
Continuously = Negative effect on GnRH, inhibiting release of FSH and LH
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6
Q

How are GnRH agonists administered?

A

Injectable or continuous release implants

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7
Q

What are the effects/examples of use for GnRH agonists?

A
  • Used to stimulate a surge of FSH and LH, causing ovulation. This will improve conception rates and improve oestrus syncronisation
  • When given continuously it supresses reproductive function, can introduce infertility in sexually mature male dogs and ferrets
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8
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of a GnRH vaccine

A
  • 2 doses of GnRH vaccine given 2 weeks apart

- Induces antibodies against GnRH so can be used to chemically castrate pigs

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9
Q

How does having carbohydrate in a drug affect its breakdown?

A

The most CHO in a structure, the more resistant to breakdown by proteases, so the longer the half life

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10
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for gonadotropins - anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • LH/FSH receptor agonists
  • Stimulate the release of sex steroid hormones from the testis/ovary
  • Given as an injection
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11
Q

What are the main effects and uses of gonadotropins?

A
  • FSH/eCG promote recruitment of follicles and can be used for superovulation programs
  • HCG in the female can be used to promote maturation of the follicle, ovulation and formation of the CL.
  • In the male HCG stimulates the production of testosterone
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12
Q

What are the 3 Gonadotropins – anterior pituitary hormones?

A

FSH
eCG - equine chorionic gonadotropin
hCG - mostly LH activity but is cheaper and has a longer half life

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13
Q

What is the only licenced oestrogen receptor agonist?

A

Estriol - given orally

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14
Q

What are the main effects and uses of estriol?

A
  • A synthetic short-acting oestrogen that is licenced to treat urethral sphincter incompetence
  • Shouldn’t be used to treat entire females
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15
Q

What are the possible routes of administration for Progesterone receptor agonists/progestogens?

A

Injectable
Implants
Oral preparations

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16
Q

What are the main effects and uses of Progesterone receptor agonists/progestogens?

A
  • inhibits GnRH release
  • prolongs the luteal phase of the oestrus cycle
  • inhibits reproductive behaviour
  • can be used in oestrus synchronisation programs
  • can supress oestrus
  • can chemically castrate dogs
17
Q

What are the main adverse effects of using Progesterone receptor agonists/progestogens?

A
  • Endometrial hyperplasia, endometritis, pyometra
  • Glucocorticoid activity may induce diabetes mellitus
  • Increased thirst & appetite
18
Q

Which hormones would you use/inject in a case of misalliance or wanting an abortion?

A

Progesterone receptor antagonists/blockers

19
Q

Describe how androgen receptor agonists work in the body and their effects

A
  • Hormone released from Leydig cells of the testis
  • Binds to specific receptors with effects such as masculinising, increasing spermatogenesis, libido and secondary sex characteristics
  • Can have anabolic effects such as increasing protein synthesis in skeletal muscle, increasing bone growth and increasing erythropoiesis
20
Q

What are the main effects and uses of androgen receptor agonists?

A

Used in situations when:

  • Excessive tissue breakdown has taken place
  • Excessive tissue repair is needed
  • Anaemia associated with renal disease
21
Q

What are some adverse effects of androgen receptor agonists?

A
  • should not be used on immature animals as may cause premature closure of growth plates
  • can cause negative feedback on the hypothalamus and inhibit normal GnRH release
  • Masculinisation of females
22
Q

What is used to treat prostatic hyperplasia and male hypersexual behaviour?

A

Orally given androgen receptor antagonists (blockers)

- it is a competitive androgen receptor blocker

23
Q

What are the adverse effects of using androgen receptor antagonists?

A
  • similar structure to progesterone
  • reduced ACTH stimulation
  • increased appetite
  • PUPD
  • feminisation
24
Q

What is the main effect and use of prolactin inhibitors?

A

Inhibits lactation
Can be used to treat false pregnancy in bitches
Given orally

25
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of oxytocin receptor agonists

A
  • peptide hypothalamic hormone that is stored and released from the posterior pituitary
  • structurally similar to ADH, water soluble with a short half life
26
Q

What would be route of administration be for oxytocin receptor agonists?

A

Parenteral administration as peptides are broken down by the GI tract
- Synthetic preparations preferable avoid contamination with vasopressin (ADH)

27
Q

What are the main effects and uses of oxytocin receptor agonists?

A
  • Stimulation of uterine contraction to facilitate parturition
  • Promote involution of the post-partum uterus
  • aid in the control of post-partum haemorrhage
  • Promotion of milk let down
28
Q

What are the effects and uses of prostaglandin receptor agonists?

A

Used to synchronise oestrus and induce abortion/parturition

29
Q

What is the route of administration for melatonin?

A

Slow release implant

30
Q

What are the effects and uses of melatonin?

A
  • Increases GnRH pulsatility and a return to seasonal oestrus cycling in sexually mature sheep
  • If there are any other adverse influences on reproduction present within a flock, the full benefit of melatonin treatment may be reduced or even eliminated
31
Q

What are the main effects and uses of Β2-adrenergic agonists?

A
  • relax the uterus in cattle at the time of parturition
  • can delay deliver to allow full preparation of the soft birth canal
  • Dystocia aid
  • Relax the uterus for caesarean section
  • Facilitate the replacement of a prolapsed uterus
  • during embryo transfer to ensure less traumatic manipulation of the uterus
32
Q

What are the adverse effects of Β2-adrenergic agonists?

A

Tachycardia and tremor

33
Q

How are Glucocorticoid- receptor agonists administered and used?

A

By injection to induce parturition or abortion

34
Q

Give some of the adverse effects of Glucocorticoid- receptor agonists

A
  • decreased milk yield
  • retained placenta
  • Suppression of the response to infection or injury
  • Wound healing is impaired and opportunistic infections can occur
  • Cushing’s syndrome
  • Osteoporosis
  • Hyperglycaemia
  • muscle wasting
  • oedema
  • GI ulceration
  • Laminitis
  • Abortion in late pregnancy

Y2 Reproduction (6 decks)

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