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Reproductive Physiology > Female Mammalian Repro > Flashcards

Female Mammalian Repro Flashcards

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1
Q

what determines phenotypic sex

A

two sex chromosomes are present in the embryo
sex chromosomes in the fertilizing sperm cell determines

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2
Q

what is the phenotype for male

A

XY

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3
Q

what is the phenotype for female

A

XX

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4
Q

what is turner syndrome

A

X_
develop as a female, but do not grow normal

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5
Q

what is Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

XXY
phenotypically male, but breast development occurs

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6
Q

where do primordial germ cells originate in?

A

the early embryonic yolk sac

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7
Q

what do primordial germ cells turn into?

A

form into spermatogonium in the male
oogonia in the female

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8
Q

what initiates gonadgenesis

A

gonadgenesis (development of the gonad-uterus or testicles)
initiated after the primordial germ cells arrive at the undifferentiated gonadal ridge

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9
Q

what happens when XY male starts to develop

A

produces testis determining factor (TDF)

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10
Q

what happens after TDF in male development

A

testes development

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11
Q

what happens after the testes develop in male

A

Sertoli cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)

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12
Q

what happens after serotil cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)

A

AMH causes leydig cells to differentiate

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13
Q

what 2 things happen after AMH causes leydig cells cells to differentiate into what

A

testosterone which turns into the development of male duct system
dihydrotestosterone which turns into the development of penis, scrotum, and accessory sex glands

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14
Q

what happens when XX female start to develop

A

no TDF therefor ovaries develop and there will be no AMH produces so the paramesonephric ducts become the oviducts, uterus, cervix and part of the vagina which will complete female tract

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15
Q

what is intersex free martin

A

occurs when a heifer (XX) is born twin to a bull (XY)
they share placental membranes and fluids during pregnancy which causes the male TDF hormone go into the female which causes the female to become infertile (90% of time) because the ovaries do not develop properly and males has reduced fertility

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16
Q

what is the serosa layer of the female reproductive system

A

single layer of flattened squamous cells that cover the surface

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17
Q

what is the muscularis layer of the female reproductive system

A

smooth muscle layers consisting of outer longitudinal and inner circular which is necessary for contractions

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18
Q

what is muscularsis is often referred to as what

A

myometrium of the uterus

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19
Q

what is the submucosa layer of the female reproductive system

A

houses blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics, supports the mucosa layer

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20
Q

what is the mucosa layer of the female reproductive tract

A

secretory layer of epithelium. each part has a different function, depending on the location

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21
Q

what is the submucosa and mucosa often referred to as

A

endometrium of the uterus

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22
Q

how many broad ligaments suspended the pelvic cavity of the female reproductive tract

A

3

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23
Q

what are the three broad ligaments of the female reproductive tract

A

mesovarium
mesosalpinx
mesometrium

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24
Q

what does the mesovarium do

A

suspends the ovaries

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25
what does the mesosalpinx do
suspends the oviducts
26
what does the mesometrium do
suspends the uterus and all parts posterior to the uterus
27
what do the 3 broad ligament support
three main vessels
28
what does the uterine artery do
its the blood supply to the uterus
29
what does the utero-ovarian artery do
its the blood supply to the ovaries
30
what does the caudal uterine artery do
its the blood supply to vagina
31
true/false the ovaries occur in pairs
true
32
what are the two things that ovaries are attached to
mesovarium at the hilus
33
what are the two main functions of ovaries
1) gametogenic- release ova 2)endocrine- produce: progesterone, oxytocin, estrogen, inhibin
34
what are monotocous
normally give birth to one or two offspring
35
what are polytocous
normally give birth to multiple offspring
36
what do the ovaries look like in monotocous animals
ovoid, almond, or kidney bean shape
37
what do ovaries look like in polytocous animals
ovary is lobulated (cluster of grapes)
38
What determines the predominate ovarian structures present (estrous cycle)
stages of the estrous cycle follicular phase- follicles luteal phase- corpora luteal
39
what is the first stage for the follicle
primordial follicles
40
what do primordial follicles look like
oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened cells
41
what is the second stage of the follicle
primary follicles
42
what do primary follicles look like
oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cubidal cells follicle either develops further or degenerates
43
what is the third stage of an follicle
secondary follicles
44
what does a secondary follicles look like
surrounded by 2+ layers of cuboidal cells follicle still doesnt have an antrum oocyte develops a zona pellucida
45
what are the two antral follicles
tertiary follicles graafian follicles
45
what do antral follicles contain
antral follicles cell free area filled with follicular fluid aka antrum
45
what is the fourth stage of an follicle what are they also called what do they look like
tertiary follicles aka developing antral
46
what is the corpus luteum and what is it termed what does it look like
develops after the follicle ovulates termed the yellow body
47
what is the corpus albican and what is it termed what does it look like
pale white structure (scar) from a regressed CL of a previous estrous cycle termed the white body
48
describe the process of an follicle
49
explain the anatomy of the antral follicle
50
for graafian follicles what are theca cells
produce adrogens
51
what do adrogens do for graafian follicle
androgens secrete testosterone which go through the basement membrane that go to granulosis cells which then testosterone enters granulosis cells an enzyme (aromatase) turns into estrogen
52
for graafian follicles what does granulosa cells do
take androgens and enzymatically change them to produce estrogens develop the corpus luteum after ovulation serve as the site of progesterone production during the diestrus phase of the estrous cycle
53
what are the purpose of graafian follicules
develop from antral follicles which produce large amount of estrogen
54
what are abnormal types of graafian follicles
cystic follicle which is when a graafian follicle doesn't ovulate and as a result animal is always displaying signs of estrus 'heat'
55
what is corpus hemorrhagicum and what do they go through
ovulated depression filled with blood forms from ovulated follicle on ovary will go through lute lysis after about 2 weeks which is regression from ovary
56
what does corpus luteum replace
replaces the corpus hemorrhagicum and the cells within produce progesterone
57
explain the ovum what is the size? is it the largest cell in female body? what three things does it contain
80-240 u in diameter it is the largest cell in the female contains: zona pellucida, perivitelline space, and vitelline membrane
58
what are the 3 portions of the oviduct
infundibulum ampulla isthmus
59
what does the infundibulum do
funnel shaped opening into the oviduct contains a fimbria or lace like structure which is used to catch the ova at ovulation
60
what does the ampulla do and where is it located
upper half of the oviduct contains ciliated and non-ciliated columnar cells
61
what does the isthmus do and where is it located
lower portion of the oviduct thicker muscularis
62
where does fertilization takes place
at the ampulla/isthmus junction
63
how long is the ova in the oviduct for
3-6 days
64
what would happen if ova moved any faster in oviduct and why
the oviduct would die if the ova moved any faster or slower the environment would not be suitable
65
what ensures that the ova stays in the appropriate location
ciliated columnar cells and the muscularis layers
66
how does the oviduct have a closed hydrostatic system
it transports sperm up the oviduct and the ova down the oviduct
67
what could cause infertility in women (specific to oviduct)
blockage of the oviduct ex: endometriosis :(
68
what are the three types of uteruses
duplex bicornuate simplex
69
what is a duplex uterus
has two cervices for each oviduct
70
what is the bicornuate type of uterus which animals have this
poorly to moderately developed uterine horns has 1 cervix mares and cows
71
what is a simplex uterus what animals have this
no uterine horns humans
72
what are the 4 functions of the uterus
1) passage way for sperm cells 2) produces histotrophe termed uterine milk 3) supplies nutrients and eliminates waste products 4) expels the fetus at parturition
73
what are the 2 layers of the uterus
endometrium myometrium
74
what does the endometrium consist of
mucosa and submucosa
75
explain the oviduct (picture)
76
what does the endometrium line
lines the lumen
77
what are the two things that are located in the endometrium
uterine glands and caruncles
78
explain endometrium (picture)
79
what do the caruncles do in endometrium
specific site of placental attachment
80
what do the caruncles interact with
fetal cotyledons
81
what is a placentome
combination of a caruncle and cotyledon during pregnancy
82
what part of the uterus sloughs off 2 days after heat and why
endometrium due to rupture of blood vessels following elevated estrogen from ovulating graafian follicle
83
what is the myometrium comprised of
comprised of the inner circle and outer longitudinal muscle layers
84
what is responsible for uterine contractions
myometrium via peristalsis
85
how does uterine contractions which follow genital stimulation happen how does endocrine system help with this
aid in sperm transports and expulsion of the fetus oxytocin from stimulation causes uterine contractions, but it works best when combined with estrogen work together synergistically
86
what are the 4 types of cervixes
1-transverse folds 2-spiral arrangement 3-longitudinal folds 4-single ring
87
explain transverse fold cervix which animals have it
fornix vagina (FX) is the cervical/vaginal junction has multiple rings characteristic of sheep and cattle
88
explain spiral arrangement cervix which animals have it
characteristic of the sow (pig) no fornix is present boar has a glans penis which has a spiral arrangement (corkscrew) and needs pressure for ejaculation
89
explain longitudinal folds cervix what type of animal has it
characteristic of the mare enlarges during estrus or heat
90
explain the single ring cervix which animal has it
characteristic of the bitch
91
what does the cervix secrete what are the two hormones that are used
mucus like secretion from the cervical mucosa estrogen and progesterone
92
explain what happens when the cervix has estrogen
thin mucus like secretion which allows semen passage and fertilization
93
what happens when the cervix has progesterone
thick mucus like secretion which creates a cervical seal and prevents entrance of bacteria into the uterus
94
what is the vagina used for
copulatory organ of the female- where penis deposits semen
95
what is vaginal prolapse
protrusion of the vagina through vulva (internal to external)
96
what is the vestibule and where is it located
spans from the hymen to the vulva location of the vestibular gland, which aid in lubrication of the vestibule and vagina for natural mating
97
what is the vulva and what does it contain
capable of secretions contains the clitoris which is homologous to the penis consists of left labia and right labia separated from the anus by the cutaneous bridge

Reproductive Physiology (19 decks)

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