Male Mammalian Repro

Question 1

Explain how the male repro system develops

Answer 1

testis determining factor (TDF) produces testes develop which then turns into seroli cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) which then causes AMH causes leydig cells to differentiate which can either turn into testosterone or dihydrotestosterone. Testosterone will develop into male duct system. Dihydrotestosterone will develop penis, scrotum and accessory sex glands.

Question 2

explain how sperm is made in testes and exists the penis

Answer 2

Question 3

explain the 2 main jobs of male gonad

Answer 3

produce hormones
produce sperm

Question 4

true/false
the testis rest outside of the abdominal cavity

Answer 4

true

Question 5

what is the temp of the testis for proper spermatogenesis

Answer 5

33 degree Celsius

Question 6

what are the 4 jobs of the scrotal skin (protect, contains what two things and what is it necessary for)

Answer 6

1) protects and supports the testis
2) contains temp sensitive neurons
3)contains sweat gland
4) necessary for spermatogenesis

Question 7

where is the tunica dartos located

Answer 7

muscle layer lining the scrotal skin

Question 8

what is the main job of the tunica dartos and how does it do it

Answer 8

its temp dependent and temp sensitive which means that it relaxes during high temp to increase surface area and heat dissipation and then contracts during cool temp to decrease surface area and heat dissipation

Question 9

where is tunica dartos located

Answer 9

muscle layer lining the scrotal skin necessary for spermatogenesis

Question 10

where is tunica albuginea located

Answer 10

dense white connective tissue covering the testis

Question 11

where are leydig cells located

Answer 11

between the seminiferous tubules

Question 12

what are leydig cells the site of

Answer 12

testosterone production

Question 13

what are leydig cells surrounded by

Answer 13

lymphatic tissue and blood vessles

Question 14

what do sertoli cells line

Answer 14

line the inside of the seminiferous tubules

Question 15

what do sertoli cells serve as

Answer 15

site of sperm cell production

Question 16

what does sertoli cells contain

Answer 16

contain immature sperm cells at various stages of development

Question 17

what do rete tubules connect

Answer 17

connect seminiferous tubules to the efferent ducts

Question 18

what do the rete tubules transport

Answer 18

spermatozoa and secreted fluids

Question 19

what does mediastinum cover

Answer 19

the rete tubules

Question 20

what does the mediastinum provide

Answer 20

structural support and gives the testis an oblong shape

Question 21

what is the connective tissue core of the testis

Answer 21

mediastinum

Question 22

what do efferent ducts do

Answer 22

connect the rete tubules to the head of the epididymis

Question 23

what does the efferent ducts lined with

Answer 23

lined with ciliated and non ciliated absorptive columnar cells which are surrounded by smooth muscle

Question 24

where is the head of the epididymis located

Answer 24

located dorsal to the testis

Question 25

where is the body of the epididymis located

Answer 25

along side the testis

Question 26

where is the tail of the epididymis located

Answer 26

located ventral to the testis

Question 27

what are the 4 functions of the epididymis

Answer 27

1) passage way for sperm cells from the efferent ducts to the vas deferens 2) sperm cell maturation 3) absorption of fluids to increase sperm cell concentration 4)storage of sperm cells (primarily in the tail)

Question 28

how long do sperm cells remain in the epididymis for

Answer 28

2 weeks

Question 29

what does the spermatic cord provide for the testis

Answer 29

support it maintains connection between testis and internal portions of the male repro tract following testicular descent

Question 30

what is cryptorchidism unilateral and bilateral

Answer 30

unilateral- 1 testis remains in the abdominal cavity and 1 descends into the scrotum bilateral- 2 testis remain in the abdominal cavity (sterile)

Question 31

what is a scrotal hernia

Answer 31

viscera enter the scrotum

Question 32

what does the spermatic cord support (3)

Answer 32

vas deferens cremaster muscle pampiniform plexus

Question 33

what does vas deferens connect

Answer 33

connects tail of the epididymis to the urethra

Question 34

what does the cremaster muscle aid in

Answer 34

aid in support and protection of the testis

Question 35

what is the cremaster muscle dependent on

Answer 35

testosterone

Question 36

how is the cremaster muscle temp sensitive

Answer 36

relaxes during high temp to move further from body contracts during cool temp to bring testis closer to body

Question 37

what is the pampiniform plexus

Answer 37

it has veins and arteries that supplies blood to the testis counter current heat exchange system necessary for spermatogenesis

Question 38

how does the pampiniform plexus counter current heat work

Answer 38

cool venous blood (33 degree Celsius) decreases temp of the warm arterial blood (39 degrees Celsius)

Question 39

what are the 4 distinct mechanisms that testicular temp is maintained at 33 degree Celsius

Answer 39

1) thermosensitive neurons (in scrotal skin which regulate sweat glands and regulate respiratory center) 2) tunica dartos muscle (contracts/relaxes) 3) cremaster muscle (contracts/relaxes) 4) pampiniform plexus (warm arterial blood is cooled by venous blood

Question 40

what are the 4 factors that disrupt spermatogenesis

Answer 40

1) high temp 2) febrile diseases for 3-5 days 3) transporting animals 4) showing of the animal

Question 41

where is the anatomical location of the accessory sex gland

Answer 41

after the vas deferns

Question 42

what are the 4 things that accessory sex glands provide

Answer 42

1) suspending medium for sperm transport 2) nutrients (fructose) 3) buffers 4) species variation in size and function

Question 43

what are the 4 parts of the accessory sex glands

Answer 43

1) ampulla 2) seminal vesicles 3) prostate 4) bulbourethral gland or Cowpers gland

Question 44

what does ampulla serve as

Answer 44

point where two vas deferens join

Question 45

what does seminal vesicle do

Answer 45

provide 40-80% of ejaculate volume main contributor of fructose in ejaculate

Question 46

what does prostate do

Answer 46

provide 15-30% of ejaculate volume contribute citric acid as an energy source

Question 47

what does bulborurethral gland or cowpers gland do

Answer 47

provide 15-25% of ejaculate volume provide alkaline materials and buffers to neutralize pH of the urethra

Question 48

what animals have a fibroelastic type of penis

Answer 48

bull ram boar

Question 49

explain fibroelastic type of penis

Answer 49

rigid in non erect state only a small amount of blood enters the penis and slightly enlarges it at erection

Question 50

what is fibroelastic type of penis supported by and how does it work

Answer 50

mainly supported by the sigmoid flexure and retractor penis muscle during erection the sigmoid flexure straightens and the retractor penis muscle relaxes

Question 51

what animals have a vascular type of penis

Answer 51

stallions and primates

Question 52

explain the vascular type of penis

Answer 52

no sigmoid flexure, erection is achieved by engorgement of the penis with blood

Question 53

what animal has the baculum and bulbus glandis type of penis

Answer 53

dogs

Question 54

explain baculum and bulbus glandis type of penis

Answer 54

erection is achieved by engorgement of the penis with blood penile bone (baculum)

Question 55

understand the anatomy of this picture where everything is located