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Anatomy Week 12 BT > Female Repo. Histo. > Flashcards

Female Repo. Histo. Flashcards

1
Q

What type of oocytes are present at birth and where are they arrested?

A
  • Primary Oocytes

- Arrested at mieosis I

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2
Q

When is the ova formed?

A

After the II meitotic division that results from fertilization

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3
Q

What defines the primordial follicle in histological section?

A

Surrounded by 1 layer of simple squamous cells

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4
Q

What defines the primary follicle in histological section?

A

Surrounded by 1 layer of cuboidal or columnar cells

*No antrum

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5
Q

What defines the secondary follicle in histological section?

A

same as primary but now has antrum

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6
Q

What defines the primordial follicle in graafian follicle in histological section?

A

mature secondary follicle with horshoe shaped antrum

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7
Q

What is the Sequence of follicular maturation?

A
  1. Primordial Follicle
  2. Primary follice
  3. Secondary Follicle
  4. Graafian Follicle
  5. Corpus Luteum
  6. Coprus albicans
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8
Q

What is the state of the oocyte before puberty?

A
  • Surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells

- ALL FOLLICLES ARE PRIMORDIAL

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9
Q

When does the zona pellucida begin to form?

A

When the follicle becomes a primary follicle

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10
Q

How many primary follicles begin to develop at each menstrual cycle and how many become secondary follicles?

A

~20

- only a few become secondary follicles

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11
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

Glycoprotein rich layer formed under the layer of cuboidal cells beginning in the primary follicle.

**Note this plays an important role in fertilization and implantation

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12
Q

What are the features of a late primary follicle?

  • Outer cell layer?
  • Zona Pellucida?
A
  • Cuboidal cell layer stratifies to form STRATUM GRANULOSUM (formed by granulosa cells)
  • Zona Pellucida under the cells is now obvious
  • Basal lamina has formed on the outside of all granulosa cells
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13
Q

What is the purpose of the basal lamina surrounding granulosa cells?

A
  • Prevents blood vessels from growing into the follicle

- BUT ALLOWS diffusion of hormones

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14
Q

What are some Characteristics of a secondary/antral follicle?
- Outer layer cells?

A
  • Stratum granulosum gets up to 6-12 layers thick (basal lamina still prominent)
  • Fluid Filled cavities start appearing among Granulosa cells
  • Cavities combine into an antrum
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15
Q

What is contained in the follicular fluid?

A
  • Hormones
  • Growth Factors
  • Anti-Clotting Factors
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16
Q

What is the size differential of a early secondary follicle and a mature secondary follicle?

A 
Early = ~0.2 mm diameter
Mature = ~1 cm
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17
Q

What are some characteristics of the graffian follicle?

A
  • Horshoe shaped antrum
  • Cumulus oophorus (mound of granulosa cells attaching to the oocyte)
  • Corona Radiata granulosa cells that extend up off the cumulus oophorus and surround the oocyte (these stick w/ oocyte thoughout ovulation)
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18
Q

What happens to the outer ring of granulosa cells that were not part of the corona radiata?

A

They remain in the ovary and become the corpus luteum

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19
Q

What does the corpus luteum degenerate to?

A

the corpus albicans

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20
Q

only 1 of 20 primordial follicles that begin to develope each menstrual cycle makes it all the way through. What happens to the rest?

A

Atresia

If small:
They degenerate and are resorbed

If Large
- Macrophages phagocytose dead oocyte and its zona pellucida

  • Granulosa basal lamina enlarges and forms a persistent GLASSY MEMBRANE
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21
Q

T or F: the ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix, and vagina are all subject to hormonal regulation.

A

True

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22
Q

What part of the ovary consists of blood vessles, lymphatic vessels, and nerves?

A

Medulla

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23
Q

What does the cortex of the ovary consist of?

A

Ovarian Follicles embedded in connective tissue

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24
Q

T or F: the germinal epithelium is the site of germ cell formation in the ovary?

A

False, this is a misnomer

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25
Q

What is the exteriormost part of the ovary cortex and what kind of cells is it made of?

A

Germinal epithelium

- Simple Squamous-cuboidal epithelium

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26
Q

What layer separates the outter epithelium of the ovary from the cortex?

A

Tunica albuginea

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27
Q

What is the progression of the cell type of the outer layer as a primordial follicle matrures?

A

Squamous (primordial) –> Cuboidal (primary) –> Columnar (primary) –> Stratified (primary)

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28
Q

What happens to the stroma surrounding the secondary oocyte as it progresses to become a Graafian Follicle?

A
  • Stomal Cells around the follicle form 2 distinct layers (theca externa, theca interna)
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29
Q

Describe the theca externa.

A
  • CT
  • Lots of Collagen
  • Some Smooth Muscle
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30
Q

Describe the theca interna.

A
  • Highly Vascularized

- Mostly Secretory Cells (more lightly stained and larger)

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31
Q

What is contained in the secretory cells of the theca interna?

A
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH) RECEPTORS

- Androgens for Secretion

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32
Q

What happens to theca interna secetory cells when LH increases?

A

Androgen secretion increases

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33
Q

What happens to androgens secreted by theca interna cells inside of granulosa cells?

A
  • Converted to Estrogen
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34
Q

What happens as granulosa cells are exposed to estrogen?

A
  • Estrogen stimulates proliferation of granulosa cells

- This causes the follicle to increase in size

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35
Q

Describe the entire cascade that causes enlargement of the ovarian follicle.

A
  1. Lutenizing Hormone (LH) released from pituitary
  2. Receptors on Theca interna cells get signal
  3. Theca interna cells begin releasing androgens
  4. Granulosa cells turn androgens to estrogen
  5. Estrogen causes proliferation of granulosa cells making the follicle larger
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36
Q

What would you expect to see if looking at a follicle in the 14th day of a menstual cycle?
- what hormones would be high?

A
  1. Graafian follicle is large and impinges on the cortex
  2. Small spaces now present in the cumulus oophorus
    - FSH and LH would be high
37
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Triggers formation of the secondary oocyte

*Leads to formation of the 1st polar body

38
Q

What happens during ovulation and what processes cause this?

A

Ovulation = Release of the Follicle

Caused by:

  • Increased volume and pressure of fluid in the antrum
  • enzymatic breakdown of the follicular wall near the surface of the ovary
  • contraction of smooth muscle in THECA EXTERNA
39
Q

What happens if fertilization happen?

A
  • Secondary oocyte completes the 2nd meiotic division

- Leads to OVUM and 2nd polar body

40
Q

What covers the exposed surface left from the follicle bursting?

A

the germinal layer

41
Q

What cells form the corpus luteum?

A
  • Remaining granulosa cells
  • Theca Interna Cells

**These cells acquire fat and yellow pigment

42
Q

What is secreted by each cell type in the corpus luteum?

A 
Granulosa LUTEIN (new name)
- Secrete progesterone

Theca LUTEIN
- Secrete androgens (Granulosa cells continue converting this to estrogen)

43
Q

T or F: Capllaries grow into the granulosa lutein from the theca lutein.

A

True

44
Q

What is the function of the estrogen and progesterone release from the corpus luteum?

A

Prepares the Uterus for implantation

45
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if no pregnancy occurs?

A
  • It continues to develope for about 9 days then begins to degenerate
  • Leaves Corpus Albicans (pale scar)
46
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does occur?

A
  • It is maintained until placenta can make enough estrogen and progesterone
  • Leaves Corpus albicans
47
Q

What part of the granulosum enlarges to form the glassy membrane left after ovulation?

A

The Basal Lamina

48
Q

Describe all of the steps of the formation of the ‘glassy membrane.’

A

**Only occurs with large primary oocytes and secondary oocytes

  1. The granulosum cells slough off into the antrum
  2. This causes follicle to COLLAPSE
  3. Stomal Cells grow into the area once occupied by the follicle
  4. Oocyte degenerates and Zonula Pellucida COLLAPSE these are PHAGOCYTOSED
  5. Granulosa cell basal membrane enlarges forming the glassy membrane
49
Q

What draws the ovary into the ovaduct?

A

fimbria’s ciliary ‘current’ and muscular contractions

50
Q

What are the 4 regions of the ovaduct and their relative features?

A
  1. Infundibulum - has FIMBRIA
  2. Ampulla - longest; where fertilization usually occurs
  3. Isthmus - narrowest
  4. Pars Uterina - short ~ 1 cm long
51
Q

What are the layers of the OVIDUCT?

A

Mucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

52
Q

Describe the mucosa of different parts of the oviduct.

A
  • Highly folded in the infundibulum and ampulla; less folded in the isthmus
  • Epithelium - simple cuboidal with ciliated, and peg cells
  • Lamina Propria - no special features
53
Q

Where do 98% of ectopic pregnacies occur?

A

In the ovaduct

54
Q

Describe the muscularis of the uterine tube.

A

Mostly circular, movements can help move the ovum toward the uterus

55
Q

What are the unique features of the epithelial lining of the oviduct?
- Cell type

A

Simple Cuboidal or Columnar with 2 types of cells

  • Ciliated
  • Peg Cells
56
Q

Where are ciliated cells most common in the oviduct?

  • why?
  • What increases ciliated cell production in the oviduct?
A

Infundibulum and ampulla

  • Their beating helps move the ovum to the uterus
  • ESTROGEN stimulates ciliogenesis
57
Q

What are structural and functional characteristics of the peg cells of the oviduct?
- What increases the number of peg cells?

A
  • Appear Squeezed in and LACK cilia
  • secretory
  • Help to nourish ovum
  • PROGESTERONE
58
Q

When is are peg cells found in the greatest number?

A

The 3-4 days whem the ovum (possibly fertilized) is still in the ovum

59
Q

T or F: the uterus and cervix have the same histological characteristics

A

FALSE

60
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

Mucosa of the uterus body/fundus

61
Q

T or F: the endometrium has a muscularis mucosa and/or a submucosa?

A

FALSE

62
Q

Describe the endometrium (mucosa).

  • Cell type?
  • Layers?
A
  • Simple columnar that FORM GLANDs

2 layers:
Functionalis - Superficially
Basailis - Deep

63
Q

What the the myometrium?

A

Muscularis externa of the body/fundus of the uterus

64
Q

What does the myometrium consist of?

A
  • Smooth muscle in a variety of orientations

- VERY THICK

65
Q

What are the 3 layers of the body/fundus of the uterus?

A
  • Endometrium
  • Myometrium
  • Serosa
66
Q

How do the functionalis and basalis layers differ?

A

Functionalis:
Changes during mentrual period
Thicker than basalis

Basalis:
Stays the same through period
Higher cell density

67
Q

Uterine glands:

  • How are they formed?
  • How deep do they go?
  • Structural features?
  • Job?
A
  • Invaginations of surface epithelium
  • Span the entire length of endometrium (through functionalis and basalis)
  • Relatively straight with narrow lumen

-

68
Q

What are spiral arteries?

A
  • Arteries in endometrium whose distal part (in functionalis) is under HORMONAL control
69
Q

Describe the secretory phase (post ovulation) of the endometrium.

  • Hormones
  • Changes in characteristics
A
  • Progesterone released by the CORPUS LUTEUM causes changes in functionalis layer

FUNTIONALIS:

  • Thickens
  • Cells become Longer
  • Uterine Glands DILATED and CORK SCREW Shaped - absorb GLYCOPROTEIN rich secretory product
  • Edema - Lamina Propria cells more spread out
70
Q

Why is the functionalis highly vascularized with glycoprotein rich secretions during Secretory Phase?

A
  • Its preparing for Implantation

- Needs to provide nutrition for the embyo

71
Q

What triggers the menstrual phase?

A
  • no implantation

- NO MORE ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE from CORPUS LUTEUM

72
Q

Describe the processes leading to menstruation in the menstrual phase.

A
  1. Corpus Luteum stops making estrogen and progesterone
  2. Spiral arteries start contracting making FUNCTIONALIS ischemic, eventually distal parts get DISCONNECTED
  3. Capillaries in FUNCTIONALIS rupture
  4. Lining Sloughs off –> Menstruation
73
Q

What happens after menstruation?

A

Proliferative Phase Restarts

  • Epithelial cells in basalis proliferate
  • Epithelial cell reconstitute glands
  • ECM is secreted
  • Spiral aa. lengthen
74
Q

What is secreted by:

  • Granulosa Cells
  • Granulosa Lutein Cells
A

Granulosa Cells - ESTROGEN

Granulosa Lutein Cells - PROGESTERONE and ESTROGEN

75
Q

What does FSH and LH do?

A

Stimulate the Growth of Follicles

76
Q

A surge in what hormone causes ovulation?

A

LH

77
Q

When in the mentrual cycle to granulosa cells begin to secrete:

  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
A

Before Follicle Bursts:
Granulosa Cells - Estrogen

OVULATION - After Follicle Bursts:
Granulosa Lutein - Progesterone

78
Q

What promotes the growth of the functionalis?

A

Estrogen

79
Q

What promotes transition of endometrium from proliferative to secretory phase?

A

Estrogen + PROGESTERONE

80
Q

Give the General Steps Leading to menstruation.

A
  1. LH secreted by pituitary
  2. Theca Cells receive LH then make Androgens
  3. Granulosa Cells turn androgens to Estrogen
  4. Estrogen causes thickening of ENDOMETRIUM
  5. Follicle Bursts - granulosa cells make ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE now
  6. ESTROGEN + PROGESTERONE causes endometrium to shift to Secetory Phase
  7. Copus Luteum becomes corpus albicans no more hormones FUNCTIONALIS sheds
81
Q

Compare the Lining of the Fundus/Body to the Cervix.

  • Layers?
  • Vasculature?
  • Glands?
  • Cell types?
A

Endometrium:

  • NO basalis and functionalis
  • NO spiral arteries
  • Cervical (mucous) Glands, NOT uterine glands

Cell Type:
Uterus side - simple columnar
Vagina side - some stratified squamous non-keritinized

MYOMETRIUM:
- Thinner than fundus/body

82
Q

What happens if Cervical mucous glands get clogged?

A

Nabothian Cysts

83
Q

T or F: the transition in the cervix from Simple Columnar to SS non-keritinzed is maintained in the same position throughout life

A

FALSE, transition site during child bearing years, different before puberty, after menopause

84
Q

What 3 layers does the vagina have?

A

Mucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia

85
Q

Describe the Mucosa and Muscularis of the Vagina.

  • Lamina Propria?
  • Glands?
A

Epithelium:

  • Rugae (perpendicular to long axis)
  • Stratified Squamous non-keritinized
  • No glands

Lamina propria:

  • HIGHLY VASCULARIZED
  • Has Papilla projecting into epithelium

Muscularis:
Outer longitudinal and Inner Circular

86
Q

Which part of the muscularis is thickest in the vagina?

A

The outer longitudinal layer is thicker than the inner circular layer

87
Q

What are pap-smears?

A

Scraping of cells from cervical and vaginal mucosa used to detect cervical cancer and pre-cancerous conditions

88
Q

Compare and contrast normal and abnormal cells and pap-smear.

A

Normal:
- Cells have small pyknotic nuclei
(pyknotic = condensed chromatin, indicating cell death)

Abnormal:
- Large nuclei

89
Q

What metaplasia happens in cervix?

A

Simple Columnar to SS non-keritinized

  • Happens in response to pathogenic stimulus
  • can cause cancer

Anatomy Week 12 BT (4 decks)

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