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Anatomy Week 12 BT > Male Repo. Histo. > Flashcards

Male Repo. Histo. Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: the process of speratogenesis is completed within the testis

A

Fasle

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2
Q

What is the path of sperm from testis to vas?

A
  1. Semineferous Tubules
  2. Tubuli Recti
  3. Rete Testes
  4. Efferent Ductules
  5. Epididymus
  6. Vas Deferens
  7. Urethra∂
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3
Q

What portion of the testis have ONLY sertoli cells?

  • Features?
  • Function?
A

TUBULI RECTI

  • Straight Region found at end of SEMINEFEROUS TUBUBLES
  • Propel Developing Sperm
  • Continous with RETE testes
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4
Q

What are Rete Testes?

  • cell type?
  • continuous with?
A
  • Interconnecting Channels found in the mediastinum
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Connects to efferent ductules
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5
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take in humans?

A

~64 days

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6
Q

When looking a histological section from a semineferous tubule would you expect to see cells in the the same of different stage of development? explain.

A

Same

- Sperm develope in waves and remain interconnected until mature

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7
Q

Describe the phases in the development of spem.

A
  1. Sperm Starts Out Round
  2. Division occurs but cells remain attached
  3. Bridges remain until sperm are mature
  4. Mature cells released from SERTOLI cells into the tubule lumen
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8
Q

What are the initial cells in the process of spermatogenesis?

  • Cell type
  • Method of Division
  • Location
  • Chromosome #
A

Spermatogonia

  • These are stem cells
  • Divide by mitosis
  • Near outside (furthest from lumen)
  • DIPLOID, 46
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9
Q

What cells arise from spermatogonia?

  • Cell type(s)
  • Method of Division
  • Chromosome #
A

Spematocytes

  • Undergo Meiosis

2 types:
Primary Spermatocytes
Secondary Spermatocytes

  • DIPLOID, 46
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10
Q

What are some differentiating factors between the two types of spermatocytes?

A

Primary Spermatocytes:

  • undergo 1st MEIOTIC division
  • visible for ~3 weeks
  • Checkerboard nucleus

Secondary Spermatocytes:

  • undergoes 2nd MEIOTIC division and spits
  • Present only Short Period of Time
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11
Q

What is formed by the splitting of the secondary spermatocytes?

  • Division
  • Chromosome #
  • Types
A

Spermatid

  • NO division
  • HAPLOID

2 Types:
Early: round
Late: typical torpedo shape

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12
Q

What is the difference in gamete location as they mature?

A
  1. spermatogonia (outtermost far from lumen)
  2. Primary Spermatocyte
  3. Secondary Spermatocyte
  4. Spermatid (near lumen)
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13
Q

What it is spermMIOgenesis?

A

portion of sperMATogenesis where spermatids differentiate to form spermatozoa

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14
Q

How does morphology change from spermatid to spermatozoa in sperMIOgenesis?

A

cuboidal –> torpedo

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15
Q

What are the 4 phases in spermiogenesis?

A
  1. Golgi Phase
  2. Cap Phase
  3. Acrosome phase
  4. Maturation Phase
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16
Q

What 2 events happen during the golgi phase (1) of spermiogenesis?

A
  1. Accumulation of granules in GOLGI to start making acrosome
  2. CENTRIOLES go to posterior pole of sperm to start making flagellum
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17
Q

What 2 events happen during the Cap phase (2) of spermiogenesis?

A
  1. Acrosome spread over anterior half of the nucleus (makes sense b/c of Golgi proximity to nuc.)
  2. Nucleus Condenses
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18
Q

What 4 events happen during Acrosome phase (3) of spermiogenesis?

A
  1. Tail now in lumen
  2. Plasma membrane grows posteriorly to cover growing flagellum
  3. Mitochondria form a tight bundle around the flagellum
  4. Nucleus Flattens and moves near Plasma Membrane
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19
Q

What 3 events happen during the Maturation phase (4) of spermiogenesis?

A
  1. Excess cytoplasm (aka RESIDUAL BODY) pinched off
  2. Sperm LOSES its connection with neighbor
  3. Released into the Lumen
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20
Q

Are sperm motile after the maturation phase of spermiogenesis?

A

NOOOOO

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21
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sperm as well as the subdivisions of the tail?

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Tail
    - Middle Piece
    - Principal Piece
    - End piece
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22
Q

How long is the head of the sperm?

- what does it contain?

A

4-5 micrometers

  • Nucleus
  • Acrosome
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23
Q

What does the neck of the sperm do/have?

A

connects head and tail

- has CENTRIOLES

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24
Q

What is contained in the tail and its subparts?

A

AXONEME throughout tail

  1. Middle Piece
    - axoneme + enveloping FIBROUS SHEATH + MITOCHONDRIA
  2. Principal Piece (40 um - longest)
    - axoneme + FIBROUS SHEATH
  3. End Piece (5 um)
    - axoneme only
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25
Q

What is the axoneme?

A

Inner Cytoskeletal core of Flagellum

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26
Q

What is contained in the acrosome?

A
  • Enzymes (neuraminidase) that allow the sperm cell to PENETRATE the ZONA PELLUCIDA of ovum
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27
Q

When is neuraminidase released?

A

During ACROSOMAL Reaction

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28
Q

What structures in the testes house the sperm?

A

Semineferous Tubules

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29
Q

T or F: there is a basal lamina surrounding each tubule

A

True

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30
Q

What 4 cell types are located in each semineferous tubule?

- Relative location

A
  • Spermatogonia - near basal lamina
  • Spermatocytes - intermediate
  • Spermatids - near lumen (embedded in sertolit cells)

**All stages of developing sperm form connections with sertoli cells

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31
Q

Describe the following for sertoli (nurse cells).

  • Shape/size
  • location
  • Associated Structures
  • Replication
A
  • Large with irregular Columnar Shape
    Prominent nucleolus inside oval/columnar nucleus
  • Extend from basal lamina to lumen
  • Developing Sperm cells embedded here
  • Bound together by tight junctions
  • complete replication before puberty
32
Q

What are the jobs of the sertoli cell?

A
  1. Provide Nutrients
  2. Eliminate waste
  3. Phagocytose
  4. Secrete:
    - Fluids for motility
    - Inhibin
    - Androgen Binding proteins
  5. Forms Blood-testes Barrier
33
Q

What does androgen binding protein do?

A

concentrates testosterone so the tests have ~200x amt of bloodstream

34
Q

What spermatic cell type is outside of the Blood-Testes Barrier?

A

Spermatogonia

35
Q

T or F: as a result of the blood testes barrier, the ionic makeup of the seminirferous tubules is different than the than that of the blood.

A

True

36
Q

What makes the physical blood-testes barrier?

A

Tight Junctions between sertoli cells

37
Q

What is the purpose of the blood testes barrier?

A

Protects sperm from:

  1. Immune System
  2. Blood born pathogens
38
Q

If the blood testes barrier failed would you expect infertility to be a possible issue.

A

YES

39
Q

Why cell type is locate around tubules and contract in order to move sperm via peristalsis?

A

Myoid cells - These have characteristics of smooth muscle

40
Q

Describe the following for Leydig cells:

  • location
  • size
  • acidophilic or basophilic
  • purpose
A
  • Between seminiferous tubules
  • large
  • acidophilic
  • secrete testosterone
41
Q

When do Leydig cells begin to secrete testosterone?

A

5th month of Gestation, then are INACTIVE until puberty

42
Q

What do LH and FSH do in males?

A
  • LH increases testosterone producion

- FSH and testosterone increase spermatogenesis

43
Q

What hormone acts to counteract FSH and Testosterone and what is it secreted by?

A
  • Inhibin by Sertoli Cells
44
Q

If LH increases testosterone, then what cell type reacts to its presence?

A

Leydig cells

45
Q

If FSH (along with testosterone) increases spermatogenesis, then what cell type reacts to its presence?

A

Sertoli cells

46
Q

Where are the tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea located?

A

Tunica Vaginalis:
- covers anterior and lateral 2/3’s of testes

Tunica Albuginea
- surrounds seminiferous tubules and thicken in the back to form mediastinum of testes

47
Q

Where do blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the testes?

A

in the mediastinum

48
Q

What divides the testes into lobules?

A

extensions of the tunica Albuginea

*note about 250 lobules per testes

49
Q

How many semineferous tubules can be found in a lobule?

A

1-4

50
Q

T or F: because there are only about 20 efferent ductuls there multiple rete testes that drain to them.

A

True

51
Q

Efferent Ductule:

  • Appearance
  • Cell type
  • Functions
  • Opens to
A
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with groups of taller and shorter cells
  • Tall cell typically ciliated while short cells are not
  • Functions
    1. MOVE sperm using smooth muscle and cilia
    2. ABSORB fluid secreted in testes
  • Opens to Epididymus
52
Q

Where do sperm attain MOTILITY?

A

In the epididymus

53
Q

What is the epididymus made up of?

A
  • Ducutus epididymus (Convoluted) and surrounding smooth muscle
54
Q

What are the functions of the epididymus

A
  1. Phagocytose - degenerating sperm and residual bodies
  2. Secrete substances (SIALIC acid) so that sperm can become motile
  3. Tail = Reservoir for mature sperm
  4. Absorb Fluid
55
Q

After the epididymus where do sperm go and how do they get there?

A

Hard contractions from the epididymus pushes the sperm to the Vas Deferens

56
Q

The epididymus is similar to the vas except that:

A
  1. Basal Cells more distinct

2. MUCH MORE MUSCULAR

57
Q

T or F: the lumen of the vas is often irregularly shaped due to muscle contractions

A

True

58
Q

T or F: there is a tunica albuginea around each of the 3 penile bodies, but it thickest around the cavernosa.

A

True

59
Q

What are common features of all 3 regions of the penis?

  • Vascularity
  • Tissue composition
A
  1. Highly Vascularized
  2. Composed of Vascular Spaces separated by trabeculae
  3. Connective tissue and Smooth muscle
60
Q

What is erectile tissue?

A

Venous sinuses lined by epithelial cells

61
Q

Describe the process of erection.

  • How blood gets there
  • How it stays
A
  1. Blood Flow to arteries increased and it collects in the venous sinus.
  2. Stays because Tunica Albuginea compresses the veins that drain the sinuses
62
Q

What is the purpose of a thinner Tunica Albuginea around the spongiosum

A

Less compression of the urethra

63
Q

How viagra works.

A
  1. Parasympathetics release acetylcholine
  2. Acetylcholine stimulates NO release
  3. NO stimulates cGMP production causing smooth muscle to RELAX
  • VIAGRA inhibits the enzyme that degrades cGMP
64
Q

Describe Bulbourethral Glands.

  • Morphology
  • Secretions
A
  • similar morphology to serous glands

Secrete:
Sugars into semen
Pre-Seminal Fluid for lube

65
Q

T or F: the seminal vesicles, vas deference, epididymus, and prostate gland all have the same lining

A

True, this is pseudostratified columnar epithelium

66
Q

What gland supplies most of of the seminal fluid?

A
  • Seminal Vesicles (~70% of fluid volume)
67
Q

Describe Seminal Vesicles.

  • Appearance
  • Lining
  • Secretions
A
  • Highly Tortuous
  • lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Secrete:

  • MOSTLY Fructose
  • Prostagladins
  • Other Sugars
  • Amino Acids
68
Q

T or F: the prostate has a smooth muscle component around the outside to move secretions into the urethra

A

True

69
Q

Describe the structure of the Prostate Gland.

A
  • Lined by Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
  • Irregular lumen
  • Layers of Smooth muscle
  • Concretions
70
Q

What are concretions?

A
  • Concentric Layered structures formed by hardened secretions
  • Increase in NUMBER with age
71
Q

What does the prostate secrete?

A
  1. FIBRINOLYSIN - helps to keep the fluid liquid and ALKALINE
  2. Citric Acid for sperm to make ATP
72
Q

What is used to test for a hypertrophied prostate in old men?

A

PSA - Prostate Specific Antigen

73
Q

What is male menopause?

- Effects?

A
  • Age Related decrease in Testosterone
  • Semineferous tubules atrophy and testicles decrease in size
  • OBESITY
74
Q

Where are myoid cells found?

A
  • Surrounding the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules
75
Q

T or F: both sertoli and leydig cells are found inside the seminiferous tubule

A

False, only sertoli cells are inside

76
Q

What does the lining of the epididymus consist of?

A
  • Psuedostratified columnar with STEROCILIA

Anatomy Week 12 BT (4 decks)

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