Male Repo. Histo. Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
T or F: the process of speratogenesis is completed within the testis
A
Fasle
2
Q
What is the path of sperm from testis to vas?
A
- Semineferous Tubules
- Tubuli Recti
- Rete Testes
- Efferent Ductules
- Epididymus
- Vas Deferens
- Urethra∂
3
Q
What portion of the testis have ONLY sertoli cells?
- Features?
- Function?
A
TUBULI RECTI
- Straight Region found at end of SEMINEFEROUS TUBUBLES
- Propel Developing Sperm
- Continous with RETE testes
4
Q
What are Rete Testes?
- cell type?
- continuous with?
A
- Interconnecting Channels found in the mediastinum
- Simple cuboidal
- Connects to efferent ductules
5
Q
How long does spermatogenesis take in humans?
A
~64 days
6
Q
When looking a histological section from a semineferous tubule would you expect to see cells in the the same of different stage of development? explain.
A
Same
- Sperm develope in waves and remain interconnected until mature
7
Q
Describe the phases in the development of spem.
A
- Sperm Starts Out Round
- Division occurs but cells remain attached
- Bridges remain until sperm are mature
- Mature cells released from SERTOLI cells into the tubule lumen
8
Q
What are the initial cells in the process of spermatogenesis?
- Cell type
- Method of Division
- Location
- Chromosome #
A
Spermatogonia
- These are stem cells
- Divide by mitosis
- Near outside (furthest from lumen)
- DIPLOID, 46
9
Q
What cells arise from spermatogonia?
- Cell type(s)
- Method of Division
- Chromosome #
A
Spematocytes
- Undergo Meiosis
2 types:
Primary Spermatocytes
Secondary Spermatocytes
- DIPLOID, 46
10
Q
What are some differentiating factors between the two types of spermatocytes?
A
Primary Spermatocytes:
- undergo 1st MEIOTIC division
- visible for ~3 weeks
- Checkerboard nucleus
Secondary Spermatocytes:
- undergoes 2nd MEIOTIC division and spits
- Present only Short Period of Time
11
Q
What is formed by the splitting of the secondary spermatocytes?
- Division
- Chromosome #
- Types
A
Spermatid
- NO division
- HAPLOID
2 Types:
Early: round
Late: typical torpedo shape
12
Q
What is the difference in gamete location as they mature?
A
- spermatogonia (outtermost far from lumen)
- Primary Spermatocyte
- Secondary Spermatocyte
- Spermatid (near lumen)
13
Q
What it is spermMIOgenesis?
A
portion of sperMATogenesis where spermatids differentiate to form spermatozoa
14
Q
How does morphology change from spermatid to spermatozoa in sperMIOgenesis?
A
cuboidal –> torpedo
15
Q
What are the 4 phases in spermiogenesis?
A
- Golgi Phase
- Cap Phase
- Acrosome phase
- Maturation Phase
16
Q
What 2 events happen during the golgi phase (1) of spermiogenesis?
A
- Accumulation of granules in GOLGI to start making acrosome
- CENTRIOLES go to posterior pole of sperm to start making flagellum
17
Q
What 2 events happen during the Cap phase (2) of spermiogenesis?
A
- Acrosome spread over anterior half of the nucleus (makes sense b/c of Golgi proximity to nuc.)
- Nucleus Condenses
18
Q
What 4 events happen during Acrosome phase (3) of spermiogenesis?
A
- Tail now in lumen
- Plasma membrane grows posteriorly to cover growing flagellum
- Mitochondria form a tight bundle around the flagellum
- Nucleus Flattens and moves near Plasma Membrane
19
Q
What 3 events happen during the Maturation phase (4) of spermiogenesis?
A
- Excess cytoplasm (aka RESIDUAL BODY) pinched off
- Sperm LOSES its connection with neighbor
- Released into the Lumen
20
Q
Are sperm motile after the maturation phase of spermiogenesis?
A
NOOOOO
21
Q
What are the 3 parts of the sperm as well as the subdivisions of the tail?
A
- Head
- Neck
- Tail
- Middle Piece
- Principal Piece
- End piece
22
Q
How long is the head of the sperm?
- what does it contain?
A
4-5 micrometers
- Nucleus
- Acrosome
23
Q
What does the neck of the sperm do/have?
A
connects head and tail
- has CENTRIOLES
24
Q
What is contained in the tail and its subparts?
A
AXONEME throughout tail
- Middle Piece
- axoneme + enveloping FIBROUS SHEATH + MITOCHONDRIA - Principal Piece (40 um - longest)
- axoneme + FIBROUS SHEATH - End Piece (5 um)
- axoneme only
25
What is the axoneme?
Inner Cytoskeletal core of Flagellum
26
What is contained in the acrosome?
- Enzymes (neuraminidase) that allow the sperm cell to PENETRATE the ZONA PELLUCIDA of ovum
27
When is neuraminidase released?
During ACROSOMAL Reaction
28
What structures in the testes house the sperm?
Semineferous Tubules
29
T or F: there is a basal lamina surrounding each tubule
True
30
What 4 cell types are located in each semineferous tubule?
| - Relative location
- Spermatogonia - near basal lamina
- Spermatocytes - intermediate
- Spermatids - near lumen (embedded in sertolit cells)
**All stages of developing sperm form connections with sertoli cells
31
Describe the following for sertoli (nurse cells).
- Shape/size
- location
- Associated Structures
- Replication
- Large with irregular Columnar Shape
Prominent nucleolus inside oval/columnar nucleus
- Extend from basal lamina to lumen
- Developing Sperm cells embedded here
- Bound together by tight junctions
- complete replication before puberty
32
What are the jobs of the sertoli cell?
1. Provide Nutrients
2. Eliminate waste
3. Phagocytose
4. Secrete:
- Fluids for motility
- Inhibin
- Androgen Binding proteins
5. Forms Blood-testes Barrier
33
What does androgen binding protein do?
concentrates testosterone so the tests have ~200x amt of bloodstream
34
What spermatic cell type is outside of the Blood-Testes Barrier?
Spermatogonia
35
T or F: as a result of the blood testes barrier, the ionic makeup of the seminirferous tubules is different than the than that of the blood.
True
36
What makes the physical blood-testes barrier?
Tight Junctions between sertoli cells
37
What is the purpose of the blood testes barrier?
Protects sperm from:
1. Immune System
2. Blood born pathogens
38
If the blood testes barrier failed would you expect infertility to be a possible issue.
YES
39
Why cell type is locate around tubules and contract in order to move sperm via peristalsis?
Myoid cells - These have characteristics of smooth muscle
40
Describe the following for Leydig cells:
- location
- size
- acidophilic or basophilic
- purpose
- Between seminiferous tubules
- large
- acidophilic
- secrete testosterone
41
When do Leydig cells begin to secrete testosterone?
5th month of Gestation, then are INACTIVE until puberty
42
What do LH and FSH do in males?
- LH increases testosterone producion
| - FSH and testosterone increase spermatogenesis
43
What hormone acts to counteract FSH and Testosterone and what is it secreted by?
- Inhibin by Sertoli Cells
44
If LH increases testosterone, then what cell type reacts to its presence?
Leydig cells
45
If FSH (along with testosterone) increases spermatogenesis, then what cell type reacts to its presence?
Sertoli cells
46
Where are the tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea located?
Tunica Vaginalis:
- covers anterior and lateral 2/3's of testes
Tunica Albuginea
- surrounds seminiferous tubules and thicken in the back to form mediastinum of testes
47
Where do blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the testes?
in the mediastinum
48
What divides the testes into lobules?
extensions of the tunica Albuginea
*note about 250 lobules per testes
49
How many semineferous tubules can be found in a lobule?
1-4
50
T or F: because there are only about 20 efferent ductuls there multiple rete testes that drain to them.
True
51
Efferent Ductule:
- Appearance
- Cell type
- Functions
- Opens to
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with groups of taller and shorter cells
- Tall cell typically ciliated while short cells are not
- Functions
1. MOVE sperm using smooth muscle and cilia
2. ABSORB fluid secreted in testes
- Opens to Epididymus
52
Where do sperm attain MOTILITY?
In the epididymus
53
What is the epididymus made up of?
- Ducutus epididymus (Convoluted) and surrounding smooth muscle
54
What are the functions of the epididymus
1. Phagocytose - degenerating sperm and residual bodies
2. Secrete substances (SIALIC acid) so that sperm can become motile
3. Tail = Reservoir for mature sperm
4. Absorb Fluid
55
After the epididymus where do sperm go and how do they get there?
Hard contractions from the epididymus pushes the sperm to the Vas Deferens
56
The epididymus is similar to the vas except that:
1. Basal Cells more distinct
| 2. MUCH MORE MUSCULAR
57
T or F: the lumen of the vas is often irregularly shaped due to muscle contractions
True
58
T or F: there is a tunica albuginea around each of the 3 penile bodies, but it thickest around the cavernosa.
True
59
What are common features of all 3 regions of the penis?
- Vascularity
- Tissue composition
1. Highly Vascularized
2. Composed of Vascular Spaces separated by trabeculae
3. Connective tissue and Smooth muscle
60
What is erectile tissue?
Venous sinuses lined by epithelial cells
61
Describe the process of erection.
- How blood gets there
- How it stays
1. Blood Flow to arteries increased and it collects in the venous sinus.
2. Stays because Tunica Albuginea compresses the veins that drain the sinuses
62
What is the purpose of a thinner Tunica Albuginea around the spongiosum
Less compression of the urethra
63
How viagra works.
1. Parasympathetics release acetylcholine
2. Acetylcholine stimulates NO release
3. NO stimulates cGMP production causing smooth muscle to RELAX
- VIAGRA inhibits the enzyme that degrades cGMP
64
Describe Bulbourethral Glands.
- Morphology
- Secretions
- similar morphology to serous glands
Secrete:
Sugars into semen
Pre-Seminal Fluid for lube
65
T or F: the seminal vesicles, vas deference, epididymus, and prostate gland all have the same lining
True, this is pseudostratified columnar epithelium
66
What gland supplies most of of the seminal fluid?
- Seminal Vesicles (~70% of fluid volume)
67
Describe Seminal Vesicles.
- Appearance
- Lining
- Secretions
- Highly Tortuous
- lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Secrete:
- MOSTLY Fructose
- Prostagladins
- Other Sugars
- Amino Acids
68
T or F: the prostate has a smooth muscle component around the outside to move secretions into the urethra
True
69
Describe the structure of the Prostate Gland.
- Lined by Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
- Irregular lumen
- Layers of Smooth muscle
- Concretions
70
What are concretions?
- Concentric Layered structures formed by hardened secretions
- Increase in NUMBER with age
71
What does the prostate secrete?
1. FIBRINOLYSIN - helps to keep the fluid liquid and ALKALINE
2. Citric Acid for sperm to make ATP
72
What is used to test for a hypertrophied prostate in old men?
PSA - Prostate Specific Antigen
73
What is male menopause?
| - Effects?
- Age Related decrease in Testosterone
- Semineferous tubules atrophy and testicles decrease in size
- OBESITY
74
Where are myoid cells found?
- Surrounding the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules
75
T or F: both sertoli and leydig cells are found inside the seminiferous tubule
False, only sertoli cells are inside
76
What does the lining of the epididymus consist of?
- Psuedostratified columnar with STEROCILIA
