Female Repro

Question 1

what are the vaginal fornices?

Answer 1

a circular sulcus in the cervix

Question 2

what is the histology of the vaginal canal?

Answer 2

smooth muscle and lined with a layer of stratified squamous cell epithelium

Question 3

what are the layers of the vaginal canal?

Answer 3

mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

Question 4

what are the layers of the uterus?

Answer 4

inner endometrium, middle myometrium, and the outer perimetrium

Question 5

what is the connective tissue immediately lateral to the uterine cervix?

Answer 5

parametrium

Question 6

what are bartholin glands?

Answer 6

greater vestibular glands located on either side of the vagina, they secrete mucous in response to sexual stimulation

Question 7

what other glands also secrete mucous?

Answer 7

skene glands

Question 8

what is leukorrhea?

Answer 8

normal vaginal discharge

Question 9

what is common site of cervical dysplasia?

Answer 9

transformation zone or squamous columnar junction

Question 10

what is the corpus?

Answer 10

pear shaped body of the uterus

Question 11

what are the female gonads?

Answer 11

ovaries

Question 12

what is menarche?

Answer 12

onset

Question 13

how does mammary tissue develop?

Answer 13

from increased estrogen

Question 14

what is the basic functional unit of breast tissue?

Answer 14

acini

Question 15

what hormones increase during menstruation?

Answer 15

estrogen and progesterone

Question 16

what stage follow menstruation?

Answer 16

endometrial proliferation

Question 17

what is the normal position of the uterus?

Answer 17

anteflexed and anteverted

Question 18

what is dyspareunia?

Answer 18

painful intercourse

Question 19

what are the degrees of uterine prolapse?

Answer 19

first degree- cervix in vagina
second degree- cervix and uterus in vagina
third degree- uterine and cervix come out of the vaginal opening

Question 20

what is a cystocele?

Answer 20

protrusion of the bladder into the wall of the vagina

Question 21

what is a rectocele?

Answer 21

protrusion of the rectum into the posterior wall of the vagina

Question 22

what is Turner syndrome?

Answer 22

a chromosomal disorder where ovaries do not function

Question 23

what is menorrhagia?

Answer 23

increased amount and duration of flow

Question 24

what is metrorrhagia?

Answer 24

bleeding between cycles

Question 25

what is polymenorrhea?

Answer 25

short cycles of less than 3 weeks

Question 26

what is oligomenorrhea?

Answer 26

long cycles of more than 6 weeks

Question 27

what is the usual cause of an altered pattern?

Answer 27

lack of ovulation

Question 28

what is endometriosis?

Answer 28

present of endometrial tissue outside the uterus on structures such as the ovaries, ligaments, or colon

Question 29

what is chocolate cyst?

Answer 29

fibrous sac containing old brown blood on the ovary on endometrial tissue- this is abnormal due to endometriosis

Question 30

what is the primary manifestation of endometriosis?

Answer 30

dysmenorrhea

Question 31

is pH more acidic or basic in repro years and why?

Answer 31

acidic to help protect against infections

Question 32

what is salpingitis?

Answer 32

inflammation of the oviduct or fallopian tube

Question 33

what is oophoritis?

Answer 33

inflammation of the ovaries

Question 34

what bacteria is primarily responsibly for TSS?

Answer 34

staphylococcus aureus

Question 35

what medications treat candidiasis?

Answer 35

butoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, and terconazoleq

Question 36

what is PID?

Answer 36

pelvic inflammatory disease of the Fallopian tubes and ovaries

Question 37

what is the first indication of PID?

Answer 37

lower abdominal pain

Question 38

what may be an indicator of fibroids?

Answer 38

abnormal bleeding

Question 39

what is an early indicator of uterus carcinoma?

Answer 39

vaginal bleeding post menopause

Question 40

where does uterine cancer metastasize too?

Answer 40

lungs

Question 41

histology of endometrial carcinoma

Answer 41

adenocarcinoma

Question 42

what is a major factor in development of hyperplasia?

Answer 42

estrogen

Question 43

what is staging of uterine cancer based on?

Answer 43

degree of localization

Question 44

what can be used to confirm diagnosis of uterine cancer?

Answer 44

direct aspiration with biopsy

Question 45

what drugs are used in treatment of uterine cancer?

Answer 45

gemcitabine and cisplatin

Question 46

what is considered a silent tumor?

Answer 46

ovarian cancer

Question 47

what accounts for the majority of ovarian tumors?

Answer 47

serous tumors

Question 48

what are early signs of ovarian cancer?

Answer 48

bloating fullness, indigestion, frequent urination, backache, painful intercourse

Question 49

what is the most common gynecologic malignancy?

Answer 49

endometrial cancer

Question 50

where do endometrial cancers arise?

Answer 50

in the lining of the uterus and begin to grow and invade the uterine wall.

Question 51

what are the two parts of the uterus?

Answer 51

body and cervix

Question 52

incidence rates of endometrial cancers are higher among? white women? asian women? black women?

Answer 52

white women (black women have a higher mortality rate)

Question 53

what are the most malignant uterine cancer?

Answer 53

uterine sarcomas- altho they are rare

Question 54

what increases estrogen exposure?

Answer 54

estrogen replacement therapy and obesity

Question 55

what is nulliparity?

Answer 55

never giving birth

Question 56

gold standard method for eval of symptomatic women

Answer 56

fractional dilation and curettage

Question 57

what is the common spread for nodes in endometrial carcinomas?

Answer 57

pelvic and para- aortic nodes

Question 58

what is salpingo-oophorectomy?

Answer 58

surgical removal of the Fallopian tubes and ovaries

Question 59

what is a common symptom of ovarian cancer?

Answer 59

abdominal or pelvic pain, abdominal distension

Question 60

how does ovarian cancer spread?

Answer 60

direct extension and lymph nodes

Question 61

what is the most prevalent gynecological cancer?

Answer 61

endometrial then ovarian

Question 62

what is the most radiotolerant structure?

Answer 62

uterus canal?

Question 63

what is the most common side effects of treatment?

Answer 63

anemia especially in cervical cancer

Question 64

what are some possible causes of infertility?

Answer 64

hormonal imbalances, age, structural abnormalities, infection of testes, chemo, pollutants

Question 65

what is the most common std?

Answer 65

chlamydia

Question 66

what is the most common site of inflammation in males with gonorrhea?

Answer 66

urethra- dysuria and purulent discharge

Question 67

what else can develop in women with genital herpes?

Answer 67

cervical cancer

Question 68

what causes genital warts?

Answer 68

certain types of HPV

Question 69

the risk of breast cancer increases with

Answer 69

estrogen levels

Question 70

is proliferative benign breast disease associated with an increased risk of breast cancer

Answer 70

yes

Question 71

what is the most common type of invasive breast cancer?

Answer 71

invasive ductal carcinoma

Question 72

which type of breast cancer has a higher frequency of involving both breasts

Answer 72

invasive lobular carcinoma

Question 73

which stage is based on all the information obtained before surgery to remove the tumor?

Answer 73

clinical

Question 74

which type of staging is generally considered to be more accurate in determining the extent of patient's disease and prognosis?

Answer 74

pathological

Question 75

do breast cancer patients under the age of 35 have a better prognosis?

Answer 75

no

Question 76

do black women have a higher risk of having negative ER, PR, and HER2 breast cancer

Answer 76

yes

Question 77

in the US do more black women die from breast cancer than white women?

Answer 77

yes

Question 78

in US do white women have a higher incidence of breast cancer than black women

Answer 78

yes

Question 79

is the most common staging system used for breast TNM?

Answer 79

yes

Question 80

generally does the prognosis get worse as the number of lymph node involved increases?

Answer 80

yes

Question 81

do patients with triple negative breast cancers have a better prognosis than those with other breast cancer subtypes?

Answer 81

no

Question 82

malignant tumors occur mostly in which quadrant?

Answer 82

upper outer quadrant

Question 83

tumor cells are graded on the basis of what?

Answer 83

differentiation or anaplasia

Question 84

what is another factor in determining how to treat individual breast cancers?

Answer 84

estrogen or progesteron receptors

Question 85

what is the usual sign of breast cancer?

Answer 85

small hard painless nodule, freely movable but later fixed

Question 86

what is HER2?

Answer 86

human epidermal growth factor 2