Female Repro Flashcards

(86 cards)

1
Q

what are the vaginal fornices?

A

a circular sulcus in the cervix

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2
Q

what is the histology of the vaginal canal?

A

smooth muscle and lined with a layer of stratified squamous cell epithelium

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3
Q

what are the layers of the vaginal canal?

A

mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

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4
Q

what are the layers of the uterus?

A

inner endometrium, middle myometrium, and the outer perimetrium

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5
Q

what is the connective tissue immediately lateral to the uterine cervix?

A

parametrium

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6
Q

what are bartholin glands?

A

greater vestibular glands located on either side of the vagina, they secrete mucous in response to sexual stimulation

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7
Q

what other glands also secrete mucous?

A

skene glands

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8
Q

what is leukorrhea?

A

normal vaginal discharge

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9
Q

what is common site of cervical dysplasia?

A

transformation zone or squamous columnar junction

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10
Q

what is the corpus?

A

pear shaped body of the uterus

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11
Q

what are the female gonads?

A

ovaries

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12
Q

what is menarche?

A

onset

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13
Q

how does mammary tissue develop?

A

from increased estrogen

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14
Q

what is the basic functional unit of breast tissue?

A

acini

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15
Q

what hormones increase during menstruation?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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16
Q

what stage follow menstruation?

A

endometrial proliferation

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17
Q

what is the normal position of the uterus?

A

anteflexed and anteverted

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18
Q

what is dyspareunia?

A

painful intercourse

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19
Q

what are the degrees of uterine prolapse?

A

first degree- cervix in vagina
second degree- cervix and uterus in vagina
third degree- uterine and cervix come out of the vaginal opening

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20
Q

what is a cystocele?

A

protrusion of the bladder into the wall of the vagina

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21
Q

what is a rectocele?

A

protrusion of the rectum into the posterior wall of the vagina

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22
Q

what is Turner syndrome?

A

a chromosomal disorder where ovaries do not function

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23
Q

what is menorrhagia?

A

increased amount and duration of flow

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24
Q

what is metrorrhagia?

A

bleeding between cycles

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25
what is polymenorrhea?
short cycles of less than 3 weeks
26
what is oligomenorrhea?
long cycles of more than 6 weeks
27
what is the usual cause of an altered pattern?
lack of ovulation
28
what is endometriosis?
present of endometrial tissue outside the uterus on structures such as the ovaries, ligaments, or colon
29
what is chocolate cyst?
fibrous sac containing old brown blood on the ovary on endometrial tissue- this is abnormal due to endometriosis
30
what is the primary manifestation of endometriosis?
dysmenorrhea
31
is pH more acidic or basic in repro years and why?
acidic to help protect against infections
32
what is salpingitis?
inflammation of the oviduct or fallopian tube
33
what is oophoritis?
inflammation of the ovaries
34
what bacteria is primarily responsibly for TSS?
staphylococcus aureus
35
what medications treat candidiasis?
butoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, and terconazoleq
36
what is PID?
pelvic inflammatory disease of the Fallopian tubes and ovaries
37
what is the first indication of PID?
lower abdominal pain
38
what may be an indicator of fibroids?
abnormal bleeding
39
what is an early indicator of uterus carcinoma?
vaginal bleeding post menopause
40
where does uterine cancer metastasize too?
lungs
41
histology of endometrial carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
42
what is a major factor in development of hyperplasia?
estrogen
43
what is staging of uterine cancer based on?
degree of localization
44
what can be used to confirm diagnosis of uterine cancer?
direct aspiration with biopsy
45
what drugs are used in treatment of uterine cancer?
gemcitabine and cisplatin
46
what is considered a silent tumor?
ovarian cancer
47
what accounts for the majority of ovarian tumors?
serous tumors
48
what are early signs of ovarian cancer?
bloating fullness, indigestion, frequent urination, backache, painful intercourse
49
what is the most common gynecologic malignancy?
endometrial cancer
50
where do endometrial cancers arise?
in the lining of the uterus and begin to grow and invade the uterine wall.
51
what are the two parts of the uterus?
body and cervix
52
incidence rates of endometrial cancers are higher among? white women? asian women? black women?
white women (black women have a higher mortality rate)
53
what are the most malignant uterine cancer?
uterine sarcomas- altho they are rare
54
what increases estrogen exposure?
estrogen replacement therapy and obesity
55
what is nulliparity?
never giving birth
56
gold standard method for eval of symptomatic women
fractional dilation and curettage
57
what is the common spread for nodes in endometrial carcinomas?
pelvic and para- aortic nodes
58
what is salpingo-oophorectomy?
surgical removal of the Fallopian tubes and ovaries
59
what is a common symptom of ovarian cancer?
abdominal or pelvic pain, abdominal distension
60
how does ovarian cancer spread?
direct extension and lymph nodes
61
what is the most prevalent gynecological cancer?
endometrial then ovarian
62
what is the most radiotolerant structure?
uterus canal?
63
what is the most common side effects of treatment?
anemia especially in cervical cancer
64
what are some possible causes of infertility?
hormonal imbalances, age, structural abnormalities, infection of testes, chemo, pollutants
65
what is the most common std?
chlamydia
66
what is the most common site of inflammation in males with gonorrhea?
urethra- dysuria and purulent discharge
67
what else can develop in women with genital herpes?
cervical cancer
68
what causes genital warts?
certain types of HPV
69
the risk of breast cancer increases with
estrogen levels
70
is proliferative benign breast disease associated with an increased risk of breast cancer
yes
71
what is the most common type of invasive breast cancer?
invasive ductal carcinoma
72
which type of breast cancer has a higher frequency of involving both breasts
invasive lobular carcinoma
73
which stage is based on all the information obtained before surgery to remove the tumor?
clinical
74
which type of staging is generally considered to be more accurate in determining the extent of patient's disease and prognosis?
pathological
75
do breast cancer patients under the age of 35 have a better prognosis?
no
76
do black women have a higher risk of having negative ER, PR, and HER2 breast cancer
yes
77
in the US do more black women die from breast cancer than white women?
yes
78
in US do white women have a higher incidence of breast cancer than black women
yes
79
is the most common staging system used for breast TNM?
yes
80
generally does the prognosis get worse as the number of lymph node involved increases?
yes
81
do patients with triple negative breast cancers have a better prognosis than those with other breast cancer subtypes?
no
82
malignant tumors occur mostly in which quadrant?
upper outer quadrant
83
tumor cells are graded on the basis of what?
differentiation or anaplasia
84
what is another factor in determining how to treat individual breast cancers?
estrogen or progesteron receptors
85
what is the usual sign of breast cancer?
small hard painless nodule, freely movable but later fixed
86
what is HER2?
human epidermal growth factor 2