Female Repro Anatomy Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
list and give the amount of each organ in the female repro tract from anterior to posterior
A
ovary (2) oviduct (2) uterine horns (usually 2, but species variations) uterine body (usually 1, but species variations) cervix (1, with some exceptions) anerior vagina (1) vestibule/posterior vagina (1) vulva (1)
2
Q
what is the dividing point between the anterior and posterior vagina?
A
the urethra
3
Q
describe the broad ligament
A
a relatively thick, double-layered sheet of connective tissue
4
Q
what is the big main function of the broad ligament?
A
supports and suspends the repro tract
5
Q
list the 4 functions of the broad ligament
A
- physical/mechanical support
- vascular supply
- lymphatics
- nerves
6
Q
list and describe the 3 sections of the broad ligament
A
- mesometrium: uterus
- mesosalpinx: oviduct
- mesovarium: ovary
7
Q
what is the primary sex organ of the female?
A
the ovary
8
Q
list the 2 categories of functions of the ovary
A
- endocrine
2. exocrine
9
Q
what does endocrine mean?
A
secreted into the bloodstream
10
Q
what does exocrine mean?
A
secreted into a duct
11
Q
describe the endocrine function of the ovary and give some examples
A
hormonal: estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, activin, inhibin, oxytocin
12
Q
describe the exocrine function of the ovary and give an example
A
production of female gametes; oocytes
13
Q
what is so different about the mare ovary?
A
inside out
14
Q
what do multiple ovulators/litter bearing ovaries look like?
A
bunch of grapes
15
Q
what do cow ovaries look like?
A
big ole spot
16
Q
do all follicles ovulate? what other process might happen?
A
no, 99% will undergo atresia
17
Q
what is atresia?
A
follicular degeneration
18
Q
how many follicles are females born with?
A
females are born with all the follicles they are going to have
19
Q
what happens to follicle count as a female ages?
A
follicle count goes down
20
Q
list the 4 main structures of the ovary
A
- cortex
- medulla
- tunica albuginea
- hilus
21
Q
describe the ovarian cortex (what it contains (4) and its function)
A
contains the parenchyma (the function part of the organ), follicles, corpus luteum, oocytes and does hormone production
22
Q
describe the ovarian medulla (what it is and what it contains (5))
A
supportive tissue, contains blood vessels, lymphatics nerves, stroma cells, and connective tissue
23
Q
describe the ovarian tunica albuginea
A
connective tissue layer on outside of ovary
24
Q
describe the ovarian hilus
A
where vasculature, nerves, and lymphatics enter in
25
list the 4 stages of an ovarian follicle from baby to mature
1. primordial follicle
2. primary follicle
3. secondary follicle
4. tertiary follicle
26
describe a primordial follicle (epithelium, cell types formed from epithelium, where its found in the ovary)
simple squamous epithelial cell layer surroudning the oocyte forms follicular cells, found near the surface of the ovary
27
describe a primary follicle (oocyte size, what happens to follicle cells)
oocyte has enlarged, follicle cells have become cuboidal/columnar shaped cells
28
describe a secondary follicle (oocyte size, follicle cells, and a new fun structure!)
- oocyte has attained full size
- follicle cells are in two or more layers and are actively dividing for proliferation
- zona pellicuda has formed
29
what is the zona pellucida?
an acellular glycoprotein layer secreted by the oocyte and follicular cells that surrounds the oocyte
30
what is the importance of the zona pellucida?
it is what the sperm recognize and bind to for fertilization
31
give another name for tertiary follicle
antral follicle
32
list the 6 structures of a tertiary follicle from inside out
1. oocyte
2. cumulus oophorus
3. granulosa cells
4. basement membrane
5. theca interna cells
6. theca externa cells
33
what is the cumulus oocyte complex?
all cumulus oophorus cells around oocyte (will all be ovulated)
34
what are corona radiata cells?
a single layer, immediately around the oocyte of a tertiary follicle
35
what is the antrum in a tertiary follicle?
cavity filled with follicular fluid
36
what is the function of the theca interna cells?
endocrine function
37
what is the function of the basement membrane of an ovarian follicle?
to keep the follicle from the capillary network
38
describe the function of granulosa cells
primary/main hormone producer of follicle
39
list 2 hormones produced by granulosa cells
estradiol, inhibin
40
what happens to the corpus luteum if the animal is not pregnant?
the CL regresses and becomes a corpus albicans
41
what is a corpus albicans? how long does it take to go away?
means "white structure," looks like a scar, take about 2-3 cycles to go away
42
will the corpus luteum form if the animal is pregnant?
yes, it will form whether pregnant or not
43
is the corpus luteum an inidcator of pregnancy?
no, just ovulation
44
will a follicle ever pass from the ovary to the oviduct?
no, it will stay in the ovary, is not ovulated
45
what does a preovulatory follicle look like on ultrasound and why?
will look like a black circle, because it is a fluid filled sac
(the antrum filled with follicular fluid)
46
what happens in the ovary to form the corpus hemorrhagicum?
the basement membrane breaks down and fills with blood
47
what does the corpus hemorrhagicum look like on ultrasound?
fuzzy
48
how long does the corpus hemorrhagicum last, and why?
it is short lived, only a few days, because it is a transitional state, from the production and estradiol to progesterone
49
is there any point in breeding when you see a corpus hemorrhagicum on ultrasound? why or why not?
no point in breeding, she has already ovulated
50
is a functional corpus luteum what are granulose cells called?
large luteal cells
51
in a functional corpus luteum, what are theca cells called?
small luteal cells
52
what does the corpus luteum do?
produces progesterone, which maintains pregnancy if there is a baby
53
what color is the corpus luteum?
orange-yellow
54
what does the corpus luteum look like on ultrasound?
disinct body
55
where do horses ovulate?
ONLY at the ovulation fossa
56
why do horses only ovulate at the ovulation fossa?
bc the ovary is inside out, so the cortex is on the inside and needs a way out
57
why are horses difficult to super-ovulate?
because their follicles are BIG (up to 2 inches) and they only ovulate at the ovulation fossa, so super-ovulation creates a bottleneck
58
what does the muscularis do for the uterus?
provides "tone"
59
what does tone tell you?
about the hormonal profile of the animal
60
when will an animal have the best tone?
when they are in heat
61
what is the function of the muscularis of the female?
transport!
| moves sperm towards ovary, moves the oocyte away from the ovary, moves baby in parturition
62
list the 3 functions of the oviduct
1. gamete transport
2. supports early embryo development
3. transport of embryo to uterus
63
what gametes does the oviduct transport
sperm and oocyte
64
how does the oviduct support early embryo development?
through secretions, since it takes 4-7 days for the embryo to get to the uterus, it needs secretions for survival
65
what does the infundibulum look like and what is its function?
a funnel, catches oocyte and directs it to the oviduct
66
what are fimbria and what is their purpose?
finger-like projections that pick up the oocyte and transport it to the ostium
67
what is the ostium?
the opening of the oviduct
68
what does the ampulla have and what is its function?
contains cilia for transport, propels oocyte towards AIJ
69
compare the ampulla to the isthmus
ampulla has a higher surface area and a larger diameter than the isthmus
70
what is the AIJ?
the ampullary-isthmic junction; where fertilization occurs
71
compare the isthmus to the ampulla
thicker muscularis than ampulla
72
what does the isthmus do in mammals?
directional muscle contractions move sperm towards AIJ and moves embryo towards uterus
73
what does the utero-tubal junction regulate?
regulates sperm movement into oviduct, only "good" sperm allowed; regulates embryo movement into uterus until optimal uterine environment available
74
describe the ovarian bursa in litter-bearing animals
more extensive, wraps around ovary to catch all ovulated oocytes
75
what two types of cells are in the mucosa of the oviduct?
ciliated columnar and nonciliated columnar
76
what is the function of ciliated columnar in the mucosa of the oviduct?
transport
77
what is the function of nonciliated columnar in the mucose of the oviduct? give another name for these cells
secretions, Peg cells
78
describe the process of ciliation/deciliation?
it's a continuous process; more cilia with high estrogen right before ovulation; less cilia with high progesterone
79
list the 5 main functions of the uterus
1. muscle contractions
2. absorption and phagocytosis
3. partially prepares sperm for fertilization
4. provides environment for embryo and fetal growth
5. hormone production
80
list the 2 things accomplished by muscle contractions of the uterus
1. transport sperm from site of deposition
| 2. expel fetus and placenta during parturition
81
when does the absorption and phagocytosis function of the uterus come into play?
after mating, immune related
82
what is capacitation?
membrane changes to sperm that makes them able to fertilize an oocyte
83
what is the main hormone produced by the uterus?
prostaglandin F2a
84
list the 3 main uterus types
duplex, bicornuate, and simplex
85
describe a duplex uterus
no uterine body, 2 cervices
86
broadly describe a bicornuate uterus
2 horns, 1 cervix, 2 types
87
what determines the development of uterine horns in a bicornuate uterus
related to the degree of fusion during fetal development
88
what type of uterus do most domestic species have?
bicornuate of some type
89
what animals have a bicornuate uterus with relatively poor-moderate uterine horns? describe their uterine body
more, cow, relatively small uterine body
90
what is the second type of bicornuate uterus called?
bipartite
91
what animals have a bipartite uterus?
bitch, queen, sow
92
describe the horns and body of a bipartite uterus
highly developed uterine horns, very small uterine body
93
what type of animals have a bipartite uterus?
litter-bearers
94
describe a simplex uterus
no uterine horns
95
what animals have a simplex uterus?
primates
96
what tissue layer is the perimetrium synonomous to
serosa
97
describe the perimetrium (which layer, tissue types)
the outermost layer of the uterus, transparent/thin due to simple squamous epithelium, has some connective tissue
98
what tissue layer is the myometrium synonomous to?
the muscularis
99
describe the myometrium (muscle type, directions, what it contributes to)
longitudinal and circular muscle, smooth muscle=sustained contractions, partial contraction contributes to tone
100
when does an animal usually have good tone and why?
when estradiol (E2) is high, to help transport sperm with more contractions
101
when does an animal have less tone and why?
when progesterone (P4) is high, to help baby by less contractions
102
what tissue layers is the endometrium synonomous to?
submucosa and mucosa
103
list the 2 cells the mucosa of the endometrium contains and their function
1. ciliated columnar epithelium: sperm transport
| 2. secretory cells: in glands, are more active in the presence of P4 to provide nutrients and support for baby
104
what does -metrium mean?
pretains to uterus
105
what is the thickest uterine tissue layer?
the endometrium
106
what are caruncles?
highly vascularized, raised button-like structures in ruminant uterine mucosa
107
what do caruncles fuse with to form what?
fuse with cotyledons to form placentomes
108
what animals have caruncles and cotyledons?
ruminants
109
what does IcE mean?
intercaruncular endometrium
110
what part of a placentome is the maternal part?
the caruncle
111
what part of the placentome if the placental part?
the cotyledon
112
describe the non-ruminant uterus
more velvety, endometrial folds, more diffuse placenta, placental attachment more even
113
list the 5 functions of the cervix
1. transport of sperm
2. barrier to sperm (species dependent)- selection
3. reservoir for sperm
4. blocking bacterial invasion during pregnancy
5. birth canal: expansion/dilation during parturition
114
what is the opening between the cervix and the uterine body called?
internal cervial os
115
what is the opening between the vagina and the cervix called?
external cervical os
116
on average, how many annular rings do cows have?
4-5
117
what is the fornix?
pocket where cervix protrudes a little bit into the vagine
118
do all species have a fornix?
no
119
describe the mare cervix in terms of obstacles
no obstacles but cervix is very dynamic; indicates hormone status
120
describe the mare cervix in diestrus?
tightly closed
121
describe the mare cervix in heat and why it's like that
very open; for sperm passage amd secretes mucus
122
list the 4 functions of the vagina
1. copulatory organ
2. glands secrete lubrication
3. birth canal
4. glands secrete pheromones
123
what is the purpose of the lubrication provided by glands in the vagina
prevent physical trauma during copulation
124
what are pheromones?
chemical substances, like hormones, for signalling, that get volatilzed, or turn to gas in the air, for signalling to others
125
what is the function of te fornix?
highly secretory; mucus production
126
what is the function of the anterior vagina?
sperm transport or deposition depending on species
127
describe the anterior vagina in terms of mucus production and musculature
highly mucoid due to columnar epithelium, minimal musculature
128
what separates the anterior and posterior vagina (other than the urethra)
the vulva-vaginal sphincter
129
describe the vulva-vaginal sphincter in the mare
very well-defined, may have a hymen
130
describe the posterior vagina (vestibule)
part of repro and urinary tract (thanks to the urethra)
131
describe the tissue type found in the posterior vagina and its function
stratified squamous, for protection from copulation and urine exposure
132
list and give the functions of the 2 types of external genitalia
1. labia: closes entrance to vagina; first line of defense from microorganisms
2. clitoris: female sensory organ
133
what side is the only functioning side of the avian female repro tract? which side regresses?
left side functioning, right side regresses
134
what is the function of the ovary in the avian repro tract?
produces yolk
135
describe hierarchal follicle growth in the avian repro tract
largest follicle ovulates first, ovulate in order of size
136
do avians have a corpus luteum?
no
137
what takes up most of the avian repro tract?
the oviduct
138
describe the 2 functions of the infundibulum in the avian
catches yolk, site of fertilization
139
why is the site of fertilization so high up in avians compared to mammals?
needs time to put all the shell layers around it
140
what does the magnum secrete and what is its function?
albumin (the egg white), protein source
141
what does the isthmus secrete?
shell membranes
142
what is the avian uterus also called and why?
shell gland, addds egg shell
143
what else takes place in the avian uterus?
water absorption
144
how long is sperm stored in the avian repro tract?
2-15 weeks
145
how long is sperm stored in the mammalian repro tract?
24-48 hours
146
what is different about avian sperm than mammalian sperm?
they can survive at body temperature
147
where are sperm storage tubules found in avians?
in the utero-vaginal junction and infundibulum
148
what do avian sperm seem to have that aids in survival in the female tract?
lipid droplets
