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Pelvis and Abdomen A&P > Female Reproduction > Flashcards

Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

comprised of

A

ovaries
uterine tube
Fallopian tubes
vagina
uterus
cervix
external genitalia
breasts

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2
Q

surgical removal of ovaries

A

oophorectomy

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3
Q

surgical removal of uterus

A

hysterectomy

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4
Q

surgical removal of uterine tubes and ovaries

A

bilateral salpingo-oopharectomy

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5
Q

surgical removal of urinary bladder

A

cystectomy

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6
Q

functions of the female repro system

A

produce gonads (sex hormones)
produce gametes
support and protect the developing embryo (implantation, gestation, amniotic fluid-shock absorber)
produce and nourish infant

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7
Q

what type of vulval arteries are there

A

2 external and one internal

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8
Q

blood supply of the external genitalia

A

vulval arteries
branches of iliac arteries
damage can lead to haemorrhage

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9
Q

arterial blood supply of external geneitalia

A

branches of internal pudenal arteries branch from internal iliac arteries
external arteries branch from the femoral arteries

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10
Q

venous blood supply of external genitalia

A

forms a large plexus of internal iliac veins

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11
Q

external genitalia lymphatics

A

superficial inguinal -> deep inguinal nodes -> external common iliac -> para-aortic

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12
Q

what is the perineum

A

diamond shape region inferior to the pelvic floor
extends from the base of the labia to the anal canal
consists of connective tissue, muscle and fat

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13
Q

what is the perineum divided into

A

anterior urogenital triangle: contains urinary and repro systems, anchors external genitalia
posterior anal triangle: contains anal sphincter
reaction is likely due to the moist environment, subject to friction

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14
Q

what does the vulva consist of

A

labia major
labia minor
vestibule
vestibular glands
clitoris
vaginal orifice
hymen

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15
Q

labia major

A

two large folds forming the vulval boundary
thicker anteriorly where they join to form the anterior commission
composed of fibrous tissue, fat and skin
large number of sebaceous glands and eccrine glands
anteriorly join with the pubis symphysis and posterior with the skin of the perineum
hair grows on the mon pubis and lateral labia major

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16
Q

labia minora

A

a small hair free folds
contains sebaceous glands and accrine glands
cleft in between the minora = vestibule
glands open into the vestibule
contains the external opening of the urethra and vagina

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17
Q

clitoris

A

sensitive erectile tissue, contains sensory nerves
sits anterior to the vestibule
prepuce of the clitoris = hooded skin fold

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18
Q

vestibular glands

A

secrete mucus to stay moist
found each side of the vaginal opening
ducts open immediately into the vestibule, lateral to the hymen attachment

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19
Q

what cat is Ca endometrium

A

2

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20
Q

what cat is Ca cervix

A

1

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21
Q

what is oogenesis

A

immature female gametes become mature ova

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22
Q

ovaries location

A

attaches to the upper part of the uterus by the ovarian ligament and the back of the broad ligament by the mesovarium
lie close to the lateral pelvic walls

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23
Q

ovary function

A

storage of female gametes and develop prior ovulation
maturation is controlled by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland secreting FSH and LH (gonadtrophins)
releases hormones essential for physiological changes during the repro cycle.

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24
Q

what happens when the ovum develops

A

oestrogen levels rise, after ovulation the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and a tiny bit of oestrogen and inhibin

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25
Q

FSH role

A

maturation of follicles, secretion of oestrogen results in ovulation, once ovulation occurs this is suppressed which prevents other follicles from developing and maturing in the same cycle

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26
Q

LH role

A

triggers ovulation, stimulates the development of the corpus leutem and progesterone secretion

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27
Q

structure of the ovaries

A

consists of a medulla and cortex
medulla = fibrous tissue, blood vessels, nerves
cortex = surrounds the medulla, framework of connective tissue which is covered by the germinal epithelium. ovarian follicles are found at numerous stages

before puberty these are immature and the storm contains immature primordial follicles
during puberty at every 28 days 1 or more follicles mature and rupture, where they are released into the peritoneal cavity from the ovary = ovulation

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28
Q

what happens to the ruptured follicle

A

develops into the corpus leuteum

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29
Q

is the FT attaches to the ovaries

A

not directly attached to the ovary however it is directly attached to the uterus
it is held in place by its own ligament, the top of the FT has fimbrae
gap between the FT and ovary

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30
Q

ovarian arteries

A

branches off the AA
ovarian branch of uterine arteries travel through the suppressors ligaments

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31
Q

ovarian drainage

A

plexus of veins to the ovarian veins
left ovarian vein -> left renal vein -> IVC
right ovarian vein -> IVC

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32
Q

where are the ovarian nerves supplied from

A

parasympathetic stimulation from the sacral outflow
sympathetic stimulation from the lumbar outflow

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33
Q

menstrual cycle

A

prepares the uterus for the nourishment and to retain the fertilised ovum
flow is controlled by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

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34
Q

structure of uterus

A

uterine muscles accommodate the development of a foetus, secretions nourish the ovum before implantation and cells are nourished by the endometrial cells after three weeks the placenta takes over
foetus is attached to the placenta and the uterus wall, allowing for the baby to grow as it receives nutrients and oxygen
placenta secretes progesterone which stops the uterine walls from contracting in response to the progressive stretching, by the end oestrogen allows for the uterine walls to contract

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35
Q

uterus location

A

anterior = rectum
superior and posterior = bladder

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36
Q

anteverted

A

incline forward almost 90 degrees to the vagina so that its ant wall rests partly against the bladder from the vesicouterine pouch

37
Q

retroflexion

A

turned backwards

38
Q

lymphatic drainage of ovaries

A

pre-aortics and para-aortic

39
Q

what surrounds and supports the structures

A

broad ligament - parametric

40
Q

what ligaments are the ovary supported by

A

ovarian ligament
suspensory ligament
mesovarium

41
Q

ovarian ligament

A

anchors medially to the uterus

42
Q

suspensory ligament

A

anchors laterally to the pelvic wall

43
Q

mesovarium

A

suspends ovaries between other ligaments

44
Q

what are the regions of the uterus

A

body
fundus

45
Q

body of the uterus

A

glandular tissue (adenocarcinoma)
narrowest inferiorly at the internal os where it is continuous with the cervix

46
Q

fundus of the uterus

A

dome shaped
superior to the uterine tube made from muscular tissue

47
Q

cervix

A

protrudes through the ant wall of the vagina, opening at the external os

48
Q

uterine cavity

A

inferior to the uterus body

49
Q

transformation zone

A

area between the cervix and body

50
Q

cervical canal

A

inferior to the narrow cervix

51
Q

internal os

A

opening of the cervical canal into the uterine cavity

52
Q

external os

A

opening of the cervical canal into the vaginal canal

53
Q

what is the outer epithelium of the cervix composed of

A

squamous epithelium

54
Q

what are the three layers of the uterus

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

55
Q

perimetrium

A

outer serous layer
part of the visceral peritoneum
laterally only the fundus is covered due to the double fold with the uterine tubes in the upper free border, double fold becomes the broad ligament, the lateral parts connect the uterus to the pelvic wall
anteriorly lies over the fundus and body where its folded onto the upper surface of the urinary bladder, the fold forms the vesicouterine pouch
posteriorly - peritoneum covers the fundus, body, cervix folding back onto the rectum to form the rectouterine pouch, a barrier between the rectum and uterus

56
Q

myometrium

A

middle muscle layer
three layers if smooth muscle, fibres are interlude with areolar tissue, blood vessels and nerves
thickest at the fundus
thinnest at the cervix

57
Q

endometrium

A

inner most layer
columnar epithelium, covering a connective layer containing lots of mucus glands
highly vascularised: rich blood supply, due to spinal arteries, branches of uterine artery
contains endometrial cells

58
Q

the endometrium consists of two layers

A

functional and basal

59
Q

what is the functional layer

A

responsive to hormones
lines with the uterine cavity thickens and becomes rich with blood vessels in the first half of the cycle, sheds during menstruation

60
Q

basal layer:

A

not responsive to hormones
permanent layer, lies next to the myometrium
not lost in menstruation, gives rise to new stratum functionalis cells

61
Q

what is the upper 2/3 of cervix lined with

A

mucous membrane

62
Q

what is the lower 1/3 of cervix lined with

A

stratified squamous

63
Q

arterial supply of the uterus

A

uterine arteries, branches of the internal iliac arteries pass up the lateral aspects of the uterus between the layers of broad ligaments
supply the uterus and the uterine tubes which join the ovarian arteries to supply the ovaries

64
Q

venous supply of the uterus

A

follow the arterial route, drain into the internal iliac veins

65
Q

lymphatics of the uterus

A

deep and superficial inguinal vessels drain lymph from the uterus and uterine tubes to the aortic LN and groups associated with the iliac blood vessels

66
Q

what spread is most likely for SCC cervix

A

lymphatic

67
Q

nerve supply within the uterus

A

parasympathetic: sacral outflow supplies the uterus and uterine tubes
sympathetic: lumbar outflow

68
Q

what are the ligaments found at the uterus

A

broad
round
uterosacral
transverse cervucal
pubocervical

69
Q

what is the broad ligament within the uterus

A

formed by the double fold of the peritoneum, on each side of the uterus, which hangs down from the tubes
the lateral ends attach to the pelvic wall
uterine tubes are enclosed in the upper free border and near the lateral ends they penetrate through the posterior wall, opening into the peritoneal cavity

70
Q

round ligament within the uterus

A

fibrous muscle between the two layers of broad ligament attaching the uterus to the anterior abdominal wall
passes sides of the pelvis and then into the inguinal canal, which then fuses with the labia major

71
Q

uterosacral ligament

A

originates from the posterior wall of the vagina and the cervix
extends back so that one side of the rectum is attached to the sacrum

72
Q

transverse cervical ligament

A

extends from each side of the cervix and vagina to the sides of the pelvis wall

73
Q

pubocervical fascia

A

extends forwards from the transverse cervical ligament on each side of the bladder attached to the posterior surface of the pubic bones

74
Q

functions of the uterine tube

A

provide a route for sperm to reach the ovum
transports the ovum to the uterus
maintains mature ova in a variable state, fluid environment
at ovulation: infundibulum bends over the ovary, fimbrae stiffens and sweeps the ovary surface, cilia beats and creates currents in the peritoneal fluid carrying the ovum to the UT

ovum moves via ciliary movement and peristalsis

75
Q

what is the UT lined with

A

ciliated columnar epithelium which have secretory cells which provide nourishment

76
Q

where does the UT lie

A

upper free border of the broad ligament, trumpet part penetrates the posterior wall, into the peritoneal cavity

77
Q

what is the UT covered by

A

visceral peritoneum, a middle layer of smooth muddle and lined with ciliated epithelium, uterine secretions nourish the ovum and sperm

78
Q

where des fertilisation occur

A

in the uterine tubes where its propelled to the uterus for implantation

79
Q

what is the transformation zone

A

where the endocervix and ectocervix meet
squamocolumnar junction

80
Q

ectocervix

A

extends into the vagina
stratified squamous epithelium

81
Q

endocervix

A

continuous with the uterine cavity
columnar epithelium, glandular

82
Q

what is the vagina

A

fibromuscular tube which is lined with stratified squamous epithelium, opening at the vestibule at the distal end, the uterine cervix protrudes at the proximal end
runs obliquely at a 45 angle upwards and backwards between the bladder, rectum and anus behind

83
Q

what does the upper end of the vagina hold

A

the vaginal vault, containing ant, post and lateral fornices

84
Q

what is the hymen

A

thin mucous membrane, incomplete for menstrual flow, stretched during sex, tampon or child birth

85
Q

describe the vaginal structure

A

outer layer (adventita) of areolar muscle, with connective tissue which anchors the vagina to adjacent organs
middle = smooth muscle
inner layer = stratified squamous epithelium whichbforms rugger, no secretory glands but kept moist from the cervical secretions

86
Q

what secretes lactic acid and why?

A

lactobacillus acidophilus
maintaining the acidic environment, inhibits micro-organisms from growing

87
Q

what are the upper vaginal lymphatics

A

obturator
internal
external
pre sacral

88
Q

what are the inner vaginal lymphatics

A

inguinal
femoral

Pelvis and Abdomen A&P (12 decks)

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