female reproduction

Question 1

menopause

Answer 1

decline in the ovarian reserve

Question 2

stages of menopause

Answer 2

1. menstrual cycle becomes shorter 2. menstrual cycle becomes longer 3. no ovulation but menstruation 4. no menstruation

Question 3

1st stage of menopause

Answer 3

lower inhibin lets FSH be higher and speeds up maturation of antral follicles (menstraul cycle becomes shorter)

Question 4

2nd stage of menopause

Answer 4

lower starting estrogen levels when dominant antral follicle is selected - longer build up enough estrogen to engage the positive feedback mode (menstrual cycle becomes longer)

Question 5

3rd stage of menopause

Answer 5

not enough estrogen to induce LH surge, but sufficient to make the endometrium proliferate (no ovulation but menstruation)

Question 6

4th stage of menopause

Answer 6

too little estrogen to induce proliferation of the endometrium (no menstruation)

Question 7

HPL

Answer 7

human placental lactogen - secreted by the placenta

Question 8

metabolic effect

Answer 8

diverts resources from the mother to make them available to the fetus (effect from HPL) - inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, increase lipolysis, stimulates proteolysis

Question 9

anti insulin effect

Answer 9

inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in maternal target tissues - plasma levels of glucose increase and the fetus can use it

Question 10

prolactin

Answer 10

produced by anterior pituitary - inhibited by dopamine, stimulated by high estrogen

Question 11

Estriol

Answer 11

E3. promotes blood flow to the placenta without inducing myometrial contractions - depends on enzymes of both mom and fetus

Question 12

progesterone

Answer 12

produced by corpus luteum (and then placenta in pregnancy), higher than concentration than estrogen in pregnancy

Question 13

HCG

Answer 13

human chorionic gonadotropin. synthesized by synctiotrophoblasts. favors vascularization and invasion of the endometrium

Question 14

follicle

Answer 14

produce estrogen and androgens - surround and nutures the oocyte

Question 15

granulosa cells

Answer 15

converts androgens into estrogens (follicular)

Question 16

theca cells

Answer 16

specialized versions of the ovarian stromal cells, make androgens

Question 17

atresia

Answer 17

decline in ovarian reserve

Question 18

follicular phase

Answer 18

FIRST PHASE (estrogen dominated) 1.cohort of pre-antral follicles is converted into antral follicles 2. selection of dominant follicle 3. dominant follicle produces estrogen to switch from negative to positive feedback

Question 19

pre-antral follicle conversion to antral follicles

Answer 19

LH surge

Question 20

selection of dominant antral follicle

Answer 20

decline in LH

Question 21

ovulatory phase

Answer 21

SECOND PHASE (oocyte released) 1. LH surge 2. antral follicle > graafian follicle 3. graafian follicle becomes engorged

Question 22

ovulation

Answer 22

LH induces expression of proteolytic enzymes that break down granulosa/theca layers

Question 23

antral follicle conversion to graafian follicle

Answer 23

LH surge

Question 24

LUTEAL PHASE

Answer 24

THIRD PHASE (progesterone dominated) 1. egg release 2. formation of corpus luteum 3. decreased sensitivity to LH 4. fertilization or corpus luteum death

Question 25

menstruation

Answer 25

estrogen and progesterone sharply decrease and slough out endometrium

Question 26

Kisspeptin

Answer 26

pulse generator secreted by hypothalamic nuclei

Question 27

GnRH

Answer 27

hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release of the gonadotropin LH and FSH