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Human Physiology > Neurohistology > Flashcards

Neurohistology Flashcards

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1
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers released from presynaptic terminals and cause post synaptic potentials.

effects are rapid and transient under physiological conditions

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2
Q

criteria for a classic neurotransmitter

A
  1. synthesized in neuron
  2. present in synaptic terminal and released in sufficient amounts
  3. Exogenous administration mimics effect
  4. Mechanisms present to remove transmitter
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3
Q

neuromodulators

A

chemical messengers that cause more complex and slower postsynaptic responses and/or alters the postsynaptic responses to neurotransmitters

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4
Q

cotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that are packed together with a primary neurotransmitter in the same vesicle and released together with the primary neurotransmitter

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5
Q

major classes of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators

A
  1. Acetylcholine, 2. biogenic amines, 3. amino acids, 4. peptides, 5. purinergic, 6. gases
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6
Q

Cholinergic Terminal

A

a synapse where the creation, release, and use of Acetyl choline synthesized by choline

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7
Q

ACh synthesis

A

choline enters the synapse by a Na+dependent channel,

Choline binds with AcetylCoA to create ACh

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8
Q

Excitatory Amino Acids

A

glutamate and aspartate

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9
Q

Glutamate

A

the primary excitatory amino acid in the CNS

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10
Q

Aspartate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter used by cortical pyramidal cells and cells in the visual cortex

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11
Q

Indolamines

A

Serotonin and Histamine

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12
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

synthesized from tryptophan, important in controlling mood

primarily found in the brain and retina

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13
Q

histamine

A

synthesized from histidine, involved in many hypothalmic functions (homeostasis)

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14
Q

Main products of synthesis of Catecholamines

A

2 main products Dopamine and Norepinephrine

study this slide

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15
Q

Tyrosine hydroxylase

A

transforms tyrosine into L-Dopa

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16
Q

Enzyme 1

A

Transforms L-Dopa into Dopamine

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17
Q

Enzyme 2

A

Transforms Dopamine into Norepinephrine

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18
Q

Enzyme 3

A

Transforms Norepinephrine into Epinephrine

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19
Q

Adrenergic Terminal

A

the cycle for norepinephrine, similar to choline terminal

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20
Q

ionotropic glutamate receptors

A

ion channel that binds and responds to glutamate

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21
Q

Kainate

A

ionotropic glutamate receptor that only requires glutamate

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22
Q

AMPA

A

ionotropic glutamate receptor that uses zinc and magnesium.

Binds to

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23
Q

NMDA

A

ionotropic glutamate receptor that moves Na, K, and Ca BUT REQUIRES glycine bonding. glutamate, glycine, zinc, magnesium bind

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24
Q

mechanisms of neurotransmitters

A

ion channel, directly coupled to the channel by a G-protein, indirectly coupled to the channel by a second messenger which indirectly alters channel activity, receptor is indirectly coupled to the channel by a second messenger that directly alters channel activity, and the receptor is indirectly coupled to the channel by a secondary messenger that alters the expression of genes

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25
purinergic transmitters
adenosine and ATP
26
gases (neurotransmitters)
NO and CO
27
neuropeptides
two or more amino acids linked by a peptide bond | most often cotransmitters or neuromodulators
28
opiods
pentapeptides, pain inhibitor
29
substance P
a polypeptide of 11 amino acids that is the neurotransmitter for sensory neurons involved in slow pain perception
30
inhibitory amino acids
GABA and glycine
31
GABA
Gama-aminobutyric acid major inhibitory neuron in CNS synthesized from the exitatory amino acid glutamate
32
Ionotropic GABA
Cl- channels
33
Metabotropic GABA
coupled to K+ channels vis G-proteins and second messengers
34
Afferent
Input to Central Nervous System Can be sensory or vesceral "SENSORY"
35
Efferent
From CNS to PNS can be somatic (conscience) or autonomic (automatic) "MOTOR"
36
Ipsilateral
stays on the same side of the medial line
37
Contralateral
crosses the midline
38
Bilateral
present on both sides of the midline
39
Nucleus
group of cell bodies in CNS
40
Ganglia
group of cell bodies in PNS
41
Pathway/Tract
group of nerve fibers in CNS
42
Nerve
group of nerve fibers in PNS
43
Internerons
do not leave CNS
44
white matter
highly myelinated | includes: fiber tract, dorsal root,...
45
gray matter
in spinal cord includes: dorsal root ganglia, dorsal horn, ventral horn
46
number of spinal nerves
31 | 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 saccral, and 1 coxxygeal
47
limbic system
in the forebrain | emotional responses
48
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter involved primarily in skeletal muscle contraction
49
ACh release
voltage-snesitive Ca+ channels open allowing Ca+ to come in and bind to the ACh vesicles surface resulting in exocytotic expulsion of ACh and cotransmitters
50
Botulin toxin
inhibits Ca channels and Ca binding to ACh vesicles
51
ACh termination
metabolism of ACh by enzyme acetylcholinesterase into byproducts choline and acetate
52
ACh termination
metabolism of ACh by enzyme acetylcholinesterase into byproducts choline and acetate
53
Catecholamines
Norepinephrine and epinephrine and dopamine | type of amine
54
Norepinephrine
neurotransmitter and neuromodulator 1. primarily a neuromodulator in CNS related to different behavioral states 2. neurotransmitter of the autonomic system in the PNS
55
Epinephrine
1. neurotransmitter in CNS 2. primarily a hormone in the PNS that stimulates adrenergic receptors
56
Dopamine
major neurotransmitter in CNS important in fine-tuning of motor activity
57
Parkinson's disease
destruction of dopamine secreting cells
58
tyrosine
terminal where all catecholamines are synthesized
59
MAO
monoamine oxidase | degrades catecholamines, and the indolamine serotonin
60
COMT
catechol-O-methyltransferase | degrades all catecholamines but unlike MAO not serotonin
61
L-Dopa
precursor of dopamine | traditional treatment for Parkinson's disease
62
PCP
drug that enhances the response of NMDA receptors to glutamate
63
sensory receptor
changes sensory energy into chemical message in the body
64
coding
the conversion of stimulus energy into a signal that conveys relevant sensory information: -location, type, and intensity
65
receptive field
location of stimulus
66
thermoreceptors
senses heat and cold | NOTE: over stimulation does not cause pain
67
chemoreceptors
binding of particular chemicals, external and internal
68
Nociceptors
respond to pain
69
sensation
brain determines "sensation" envoked by a stimulus

Human Physiology (10 decks)

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