Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Animal Reproduction > Female Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, prolactin, GH, TSH, oxytocin, and vassopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

GnRH, CRH, and releasing hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Androgen, cortisol, and aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the ovary secrete?

A

testosterone, E2, P4, inhibin, activin, and oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the placenta secrete?

A

P4, E2 and placental lactogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the uterus secrete?

A

PGF2a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the fetus secrete?

A

ACTH and glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tubular structure of the female reproductive tract is composed of:

A

Inside > out
The lumen is lined with epithelium called mucosa that is supported by the submucosa and blood vessels exist here.
The muscularis is composed of an inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of the longitudinal smooth muscle layer.
The serosa is the connective tissue that covers the tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The majority of female reproductive tracts are composed of:

A

Rectum, vulva, suburethral diverticulum, vagina, pelvis, bladder, cervix, broad ligament, uterus, oviduct, and ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Estrus

A

period of receptivity; a behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is Post-partum Quiescence important and how does it affect different species?

A

Animals must regenerate their reproductive ability;

Cows only have a 35-day breeding season when you consider anestrous

Not an issue with sheep since they are short-day breeders

Pigs only have 17-21 days for weaning, rebreeding, and establishing pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The _____ ovary and oviduct are not functional in the chicken due to the production of this hormone _______

A

right, Mullerian inhibiting hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Poultry repro tract steps

A
  1. follicle passes into the infundibulum that functions to store sperm and fertilization
  2. goes into the magnum which secretes albumen
  3. then goes into the isthmus which forms the shell membrane
  4. finishes forming in the uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Germinal epithelium of the ovary

A

cuboidal epithelium (prevents adhesions) that continuously covers the tunica albuginea with a peritoneal lining

does not produce germ cells and is broken at ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tunica Albuginea of the ovary

A

dense connective tissue that provides structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cortex of the ovary

A

contains the female germ cells

oocyte ⇒ follicle ⇒ corpus luteum (produces progesterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Medulla of the ovary

A

central part containing connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

“Hilus” where vessels, nerves, or ducts enter an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Major ovarian function

A

Responsible for the secondary sex characteristics in the female:

absence of muscle development, mammary and repro/genitalia development, fat deposition on hips/stomach, estrous triggering puberty, and heat activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Other ovarian functions

A

contains oocyte (diploid) and produces progesterone which allows the CL to form, prepares uterus for pregnancy, and is essential to maintain pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

primary oocyte (2N)

A
  • single cell & largest cell of the body
  • suspended in dictyotene stage during prophase 1 since birth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Secondary oocyte (1N)

A
    • polar body
  • completion of meiosis 1
  • at the time of ovulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ootid

A

the oocyte after the 1st meiotic division in which the polar body is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

2nd stage of oocyte arrest

A

meiosis 2 - prior to fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
primordial follicle
microscopic oocyte surrounded by single layer of squamous cells immature and smallest follicle
26
Primary Follicle
oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells this is the stage that the majority of follicles are in (resting)
27
proliferating primary follicle
increase in size of the oocyte and increase in height of follicular cells
28
Secondary follicle
surrounded by several layers of follicular cells (granulosa cells!!) with NO antrum
29
Tertiary follicle (antral; Graafian)
Follicle now has a fluid-filled cavity called an antrum cell layers in the follicle wall begin to differentiate.
30
Graafian follicle parts: Theca Externa and Interna
Externa - line the outside layer of the follicle wall composed of connective tissue and blood vessels Interna: Middle layer of cells on follicle wall that produces testosterone which is converted to estrogen by the granulosa cells (two cell theory)
31
Graafian follicle parts: Granulosa cells & cumulus oophorus
granulosa cells line the inside of the follicle wall and support/control oocyte development Cumulus oophorus are granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte and are released with it after ovulation - communication must be broken because they inhibit oocyte maturation
32
Explain the 2 cell/2 gonadotropin theory
Theca interna cells have LH receptors; LH activates a second messenger system which stimulates a protein kinase to induce phosphorylation. Cholesterol can then be converted into testosterone. Granulosa cells do the same thing but have FSH receptors and convert testosterone into estradiol.
33
Chickens do not produce corpus lutea, so what produces progesterone instead?
Follicles 1-3
34
Compare the production of estrogens between mammals and chickens
Mammals - two cell theory using theca/granulosa cells Chickens - produced by just theca cells
35
Shortly before ovulation, what two things will occur?
The basement membrane will begin to degenerate in the follicle The physical separation between theca interna and granulosa becomes “incomplete”
36
After ovulation, what 4 things occur?
Blood filled cavity forms, walls of follicle collapse into many folds, theca and granulosa cells mix, and the corpus luteum is well supplied with blood vessels and is the only ovarian source of P4
37
Luteinization
Process by which granulosa and theca cells are transformed into luteal cells
38
Luteolysis
process where luteal tissue undergoes regression and cell death
39
Luteolytic
material that promotes luteolysis (ex. PGF2a)
40
Luteotropic
Having a stimulating action on the development or assisting in maintaining the corpus luteum Typically refers to LH but also prolactin and placental lactogen in mice
41
The corpus luteum functions to produce progesterone that:
inhibits estrus and parturition (blocks myometrial contractions), stimulates endometrial secretion of nutrients for embryo, stimulates production of luteolytic agent, and decreases basal GnRH which blocks preovulatory surge of LH
42
Large luteal cells originate from _______ cells and contain and ____ receptor
granulosa, PGF2a
43
large luteal cells produce 3 hormones
P4, relaxin, and oxytocin (signal for PGF2a from uterus)
44
In large luteal cells: Hypertrophy: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Total number of granulosa cells determine the _______ of the CL
Increase in cell size steroidogenic potential
45
Small luteal cells originate from ____ cells and contain a ____ receptor
theca interna, LH
46
In small luteal cells: produce the hormone \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Hyperplasia: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
P4 increase in cell number
47
Corpus albicans cause a(n) _____ in progesterone
drop
48
Day 1 of the estrous cycle looks like:
Graafian follicle that begins to ovulate; small secondary follicles and small corpus albicans is present
49
Day 2-3 of estrous cycle looks like:
Corpus hemorrhagicum forms
50
Day 4-5 of estrous cycle looks like:
filled with blood and lymph but progesterone is still low
51
Day 6-7 of estrous cycle looks like:
Early corpus luteum plus increasing progesterone
52
Day 7-10 of estrous cycle looks like:
Mature CL - progesterone high along with a developing tertiary follicle
53
Day 10-17 of estrous cycle looks like:
If not pregnant, release of PGF2a from uterus causes CL death; tertiary follicle continues to develop
54
Day 18 of estrous cycle looks like:
Regressing CL; LARGE tertiary follicle continues to develop
55
Day 19-21 of estrous cycle looks like:
completely regressed CL; Rapid growth into a graafian follicle due to high estrogen
56
The origin of yolk proteins and yolk is the _____ due to the hormone ______ in small follicles
liver, estrogen
57
The fimbria at the \_\_\_\_\_\_, or the opening of the oviduct, function to pick up the ovum at ovulation using ciliated cells
ostium
58
The first half of the oviduct is described as:
having many folds, some ciliated epithelium, large diameter, and not very muscular
59
The second half of the oviduct is described as
having few folds, few ciliated cells, small diameter, and very muscular
60
The uterotubal junction is
the point where the uterine horn meets the oviduct; functions to block polyspermy
61
The oviduct functions to transport sperm to the site of fertilization. Name 4 ways it does this.
The isthmus flows fluid towards ovary, the utero-tubal junction is tight, contractions toward ovary, and the ampulla cilia beat towards uterus
62
The oviduct provides a proper environment for fertilization, how?
Secretions from epithelial cells lining the ampulla prepare sperm for capacitation and aid in the early development of the zygote for 2-5 days after fertilization in the AIJ
63
In the cow, sow, and ewe, UFOs pass from the oviduct into the \_\_\_\_\_\_
uterus
64
In mares, UFOs will not pass into the uterus, embyros will ____ UFOs and pass into the uterus
bypass
65
Chalaziferous region
Forms the perivitelline layer and contributes to chalazae (2 strands of egg white that secure it to the center of the egg)
66
Two cervices, two vaginas, and two uterine horns
Advanced duplex (opossum)
67
Two cervices, one vagina, two horns
Duplex
68
one cervix, common uterine body, two LONG horns
Bicornuate (pig)
69
Small uterine horns
Bipartite (cow)
70
larger uterine body with smaller uterine horns
Modified Bipartite (mare)
71
No horns, all uterine body
Simplex (human)
72
Structure of cow cervix
very hard and rigid composed of thick connective tissue with 4-5 annular rings; has an os cervix and fornix vagina
73
Structure of mare cervix
Mare's cervix is soft and pliable with no rings; has os cervix and fornix vagina
74
Structure of sow cervix
has many interdigitating pads (corkscrew); only has an os cervix
75
Vagina functions
Fornix vagina is the site of semen deposition in cow and ewe No glands, pH is acidic, functions as birth canal
76
vestibule functions
common duct for repro and urine; stimulates male, passes fetus, Cow: vulva-vaginal sphincter muscle contracts to block urine from entering uterus Mare: has a transurethral fold to direct urine out

Animal Reproduction (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions