Female Reproductive II

Question 1

What are the four divisions of the oviduct?

Answer 1

1. infundibulum
2. ampulla
3. isthmus
4. intramural part

Question 2

What are the three layers of the oviduct?

Answer 2

1. inner mucosa
2. middle muscularis
3. outer serosa

Question 3

Where are the mucosal folds the most elaborate in the oviducts?

Answer 3

the ampulla

Question 4

What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the oviducts?

Answer 4

simple columnar

Question 5

What is the function of the ciliated cells in the oviduct?

Answer 5

sweep the oocyte complex or fertilized embryos toward the uterus

Question 6

What is the function of the secretory or peg cells of the oviduct?

Answer 6

nourish and protect gametes/embryos

capacitate sperm activation

Question 7

What layer of the oviduct mucosa contains smooth muscle to support fimbriae movement?

Answer 7

lamina propria

Question 8

What are 3 effects of estrogen secretion in the oviducts?

Answer 8

1. cilia elongation
2. increased secretion by secretory cells
3. hypertrophy of epithelium

Question 9

Where is the oviduct muscularis more defined and thick?

Answer 9

towards the uterus

Question 10

What are three functions of the oviduct muscularis?

Answer 10

1. bends the infundibulum to the ovary
2. sweeps the fimbriae over the ovary surface
3. peristaltic contractions propel fertilized embryos toward the uterus

Question 11

What is the change in epithelium of the oviduct serosa?

Answer 11

simple squamous –> cuboidal mesothelium

Question 12

What is the most common place for an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 12

the ampulla of the oviduct

Question 13

What are the three layers of the uterus?

Answer 13

inner endometrium
middle myometrium
outer perimetrium

Question 14

What type of collagen mostly makes up the uterine stroma?

Answer 14

type III

Question 15

What type of epithelium does the endometrium contain?

Answer 15

simple columnar

Question 16

What are the two artery types in the uterus?

Answer 16

1. spiral arteries supply upper endometrium- functional layer
2. straight arteries supply lower endometrium- basal layer

Question 17

What signal causes loss of the functional layer?

Answer 17

progesterone loss

-constriction of spiral arteries, hypoxia

Question 18

Does the menstrual phase endometrium have a surface epithelium?

Answer 18

no

Question 19

What type of glands are in the menstrual phase endometrium?

Answer 19

very short glands

Question 20

What hormone promotes the proliferative phase?

Answer 20

estrogen - its a mitogen

Question 21

What are three descriptions of the proliferative phase endometrium?

Answer 21

1. thick
2. numerous mitotic figures
3. long, straight, narrow glands

Question 22

What hormone promotes the secretory phase of the endometrium?

Answer 22

progesterone

Question 23

Describe the glands of the secretory phase of the endometrium?

Answer 23

coiled

Question 24

Secretory cells secrete glycogen by which mechanism, and glycoprotein by which mechanism?

Answer 24

glycogen- apocrine

glycoprotein- merocrine

Question 25

What effect does secretion from the secretory glands have on the uterine glands?

Answer 25

dilates them

Question 26

What structure in the secretory endometrium provides abundant blood flow to the placenta in the event of pregnancy?

Answer 26

vascular lacunae

Question 27

What are four descriptions of the secretory phase of the endometrium?

Answer 27

1. very thick 2. dilated coiled uterine glands 3. secretory product accumulated in secretory cells 4. prominent spiral arteries

Question 28

What forms the maternal and fetal placenta?

Answer 28

trophoblast - fetal placenta | endometrium - maternal placenta

Question 29

What is endometriosis?

Answer 29

endometrial stromal and parenchymal cells outside the uterus - passes retrograde through oviducts -hormone sensitive - undergoes growth and bleeding cyclically

Question 30

What is a chocolate cyst?

Answer 30

endometrial tissue invades the tunica albuginea | brown accumulated blood

Question 31

What is the thickest layer of the uterine wall?

Answer 31

myometrium

Question 32

What are three changes in the uterine myometrium that occur during pregnancy?

Answer 32

1. hyperplasia 2. hypertrophy 3. increased collagen production

Question 33

What are fibroids?

Answer 33

benign smooth muscle tumors in the myometrium | very common

Question 34

What is the perimetrium continuous with?

Answer 34

the broad ligament

Question 35

What type of epithelium is in the cervical mucosa?

Answer 35

simple columnar

Question 36

Describe the cervical glands?

Answer 36

long, non-coiled, branching tubular glands with wide lumens

Question 37

What does the cervical glands secrete?

Answer 37

mucus

Question 38

What results from occlusion of cervical gland ducts ?

Answer 38

nabothian cysts

Question 39

How does the epithelium change at the transformation zone between the external os and the vagina?

Answer 39

simple columnar mucosal epithelium --> stratified squamous mucosa

Question 40

What is important about the transformation zone?

Answer 40

most common site of cervical carcinomas

Question 41

What is the function of the glycogen that the vaginal epithelium secretes?

Answer 41

fermented to lactic acid by lactobacilli - creates acidic environment

Question 42

Are there glands in the vagina?

Answer 42

nope

Question 43

Does the vagina have a adventitia or serosa?

Answer 43

adventitia

Question 44

What type of glands underlie the areola?

Answer 44

1. sebaceous 2. sweat glands 3. glands of montgomery - modified mammary

Question 45

What are two types of mammary glands?

Answer 45

1. modified apocrine sweat glands | 2. compound tubuloalveolar glands

Question 46

What is a breast lobe?

Answer 46

all glands associated with one lactiferous duct and sinus

Question 47

How many lobes per breast?

Answer 47

15-25

Question 48

What is a breast lobule?

Answer 48

intralobular ducts, secretory elements in loose CT stroma

Question 49

What is a terminal duct lobular unit?

Answer 49

breast lobule + interlobular duct

Question 50

What are 3 changes in the breasts that occur during puberty?

Answer 50

1. estrogen --> enlargement 2. duct system elongates 3. adipose and CT accumulate

Question 51

What epithelium makes up the ducts?

Answer 51

simple cuboidal

Question 52

How does the menstrual cycle affect the breast ?

Answer 52

early in the cycle - duct lumens reduced | at ovulation - secretory cells inc in height, produce secretions

Question 53

Describe how the breast changes with pregnancy?

Answer 53

1. parenchyma grows | 2. plasma cells, lymphocytes infiltrate

Question 54

What happens to the breast during the first half of pregnancy?

Answer 54

intralobular duct cells proliferate end buds form at duct ends duct cells become basophilic

Question 55

What happens to the breast during the second half of pregnancy?

Answer 55

end buds hollow out to form alveoli | fat and protein droplets accumulate

Question 56

What hormones promote milk secretion in the breasts?

Answer 56

prolactin - secretion | oxytocin - myoepithelial contraction

Question 57

Describe colostrum

Answer 57

first secretion released after child birth | high protein, vit a, ABs

Question 58

How is the protein and lipid portions of milk secreted?

Answer 58

protein - merocrine | lipid - apocrine

Question 59

What happens to the breasts during menopause?

Answer 59

- atrophy of parenchyma: alveoli dissapear, ducts persist | - reduction of stroma

Question 60

What is the lifetime risk of breast cancer?

Answer 60

1 in 7 | -most common diagnosed cancer in women

Question 61

Where does breast cancer most frequently arise from

Answer 61

terminal duct lobular unit