female reproductive physiology

Question 1

diagram the effect in a female with the release of GnRH

Answer 1

1. estrogen and progesterone can exert BOTH positive and negative feedback control on: hypothalamus and pituitary
   
   1. depends on the hormone production by the growing oocyte during the menstual cycle

Question 2

what relases LH/FSH and what cells do they effect and how?

Answer 2

1. estrogen and progesterone can exert BOTH positive and negative feedback control on: hypothalamus and pituitary
   
   1. depends on the hormone production by the growing oocyte during the menstual cycle

Question 3

LH affects what two cells, describe the relationship.

Answer 3

1. estrogen and progesterone can exert BOTH positive and negative feedback control on: hypothalamus and pituitary
   
   1. depends on the hormone production by the growing oocyte during the menstual cycle
2. LH is not the major

Question 4

what are the two hormones that exhibit positive and negative feedback. Explain

Answer 4

1. estrogen and progesterone can exert BOTH positive and negative feedback control on: hypothalamus and pituitary
   
   1. depends on the hormone production by the growing oocyte during the menstual cycle

Question 5

describe the release of gonadotropin in the anterior pituitary

Answer 5

GnRH-> Gprotein on the anteior pituitary->Gq->PLC

• PLC
  
  • DAG
    
    • PKC
      
      • additive affect
        
        • follicular estrogen has an additive affect
        • Activin from the ovary has an additive affect
      • inhibitory affect
        
        • luteal phase estrogen and progesterone have an inhibitory affect
        • inhibin from the ovary has an inhibitory affect
    • gene transcription of LH and FSH
    • LH and FSH are synthesized, dimerized and packaged
  • IP3
    
    • leads to a release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
• Ca++ leads to the exocytosis of the gonadotropin vesicles

Question 6

what is the affect of the following with respect to the HPA in a female

Answer 6

GnRH-> Gprotein on the anteior pituitary->Gq->PLC

• PLC
  
  • DAG
    
    • PKC
      
      • additive affect
        
        • follicular estrogen has an additive affect
        • Activin from the ovary has an additive affect
      • inhibitory affect
        
        • luteal phase estrogen and progesterone have an inhibitory affect
        • inhibin from the ovary has an inhibitory affect
    • gene transcription of LH and FSH
    • LH and FSH are synthesized, dimerized and packaged
  • IP3
    
    • leads to a release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
• Ca++ leads to the exocytosis of the gonadotropin vesicles

Question 7

a patient presents with a tumor generating an incredible amount of progesterone and estrogen. will this be inhibitory or stimulatory of LH and FSH

Answer 7

GnRH-> Gprotein on the anteior pituitary->Gq->PLC

• PLC
  
  • DAG
    
    • PKC
      
      • additive affect
        
        • follicular estrogen has an additive affect
        • Activin from the ovary has an additive affect
      • inhibitory affect
        
        • luteal phase estrogen and progesterone have an inhibitory affect
        • inhibin from the ovary has an inhibitory affect
    • gene transcription of LH and FSH
    • LH and FSH are synthesized, dimerized and packaged
  • IP3
    
    • leads to a release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
• Ca++ leads to the exocytosis of the gonadotropin vesicles

Question 8

A patient demonstrates a mutation in the IP3 of the cell signaling which of the following is true?

1. the patient will have high levels of serum LH and FSH
2. The patietn will have high levels intracellular LH and FSH in the anterior pituitary
3. the patient will have high levels of estrogen

Answer 8

The patient will have high levels of intracellular LH and FSH in the anterior pituitary. IP3 is needed to send the vesicles filled with LH and FSH out via exocytosis

GnRH-> Gprotein on the anteior pituitary->Gq->PLC

• PLC
  
  • DAG
    
    • PKC
      
      • additive affect
        
        • follicular estrogen has an additive affect
        • Activin from the ovary has an additive affect
      • inhibitory affect
        
        • luteal phase estrogen and progesterone have an inhibitory affect
        • inhibin from the ovary has an inhibitory affect
    • gene transcription of LH and FSH
    • LH and FSH are synthesized, dimerized and packaged
  • IP3
    
    • leads to a release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
• Ca++ leads to the exocytosis of the gonadotropin vesicles

Question 9

where is estrogen synthesized in a female?

Answer 9

Bulk is generated by the granulosa cells

women have two forms of estrogen

1. weak - estrone E1
2. strong - Estradiol E2

Question 10

what 18 carbon compound is essential for the female reproductive tract?

Answer 10

women have two forms of estrogen

1. weak - estrone E1
2. strong - Estradiol E2

Question 11

describe the synthesis of weak and strong female hormone. Describe the carbon number for each

Answer 11

women have two forms of estrogen

1. weak - estrone E1
2. strong - Estradiol E2

Question 12

an increase in cAMP occurs from what cells in response to what hormones?

Answer 12

formation of estrogen

1. granulosa cells
   
   1. provide a protective/nursing function and express FSH receptors
      
      1. induces expression of LH receptors on granulosa cells in late follicular phase.
      2. Allows granulosa cells to maintain high aromatase function as FSH falls and allows cells to respond to LH surge.
         
         1. FSH decreases in response to inhibin
   2. LACK HYDROXYLASE and DESMOLASE
      
      1. means that DHEA and androsteridiol must be generated in the theca and transfered over to the granulosa.
2. theca cells
   
   1. considered nurse cells
   2. express LH receptors and produce androgens (progesteron +androstenedione)
   3. LACK THE ENZYME AROMATASE
      
      1. means the last product generated is testosterone and andrsteridiol for the granulosa cells (not sure what androsterone is for)
3. biochemistry= constant in theca but receptors and function change in granulosa
   
   1. LH stimulaes theca cells ->increase cAMP -> increase syntheis of LDL and HDL receptors along with STaR protein
   2. theca cells increase synthesis of androstenedione
   3. androstenedione diffuses freely to granulosa cells
   4. FSH stimulates granulosa cells increasing cAMP leading to an increase in
      
      1. aromatase function
      2. LH receptors
   5. aromatase converts androstenedione to erstrone
   6. 17B-HSDehydrogenase converts estone to estradiol
   7. FSH incduced LH receptor expression on the granulosa cells in late follicular phase->allows
      
      1. high aromatase function when FSH falls
      2. Response to LH surge
   8. Estradiol diffuses into blood vessels

Question 13

what enzymes are lacking in the theca and granulosa cells? Explain the dynamic between the two

Answer 13

formation of estrogen

1. granulosa cells
   
   1. provide a protective/nursing function and express FSH receptors
      
      1. induces expression of LH receptors on granulosa cells in late follicular phase.
      2. Allows granulosa cells to maintain high aromatase function as FSH falls and allows cells to respond to LH surge.
         
         1. FSH decreases in response to inhibin
   2. LACK HYDROXYLASE and DESMOLASE
      
      1. means that DHEA and androsteridiol must be generated in the theca and transfered over to the granulosa.
2. theca cells
   
   1. considered nurse cells
   2. express LH receptors and produce androgens (progesteron +androstenedione)
   3. LACK THE ENZYME AROMATASE
      
      1. means the last product generated is testosterone and andrsteridiol for the granulosa cells (not sure what androsterone is for)
3. biochemistry= constant in theca but receptors and function change in granulosa
   
   1. LH stimulaes theca cells ->increase cAMP -> increase syntheis of LDL and HDL receptors along with STaR protein
   2. theca cells increase synthesis of androstenedione
   3. androstenedione diffuses freely to granulosa cells
   4. FSH stimulates granulosa cells increasing cAMP leading to an increase in
      
      1. aromatase function
      2. LH receptors
   5. aromatase converts androstenedione to erstrone
   6. 17B-HSDehydrogenase converts estone to estradiol
   7. FSH incduced LH receptor expression on the granulosa cells in late follicular phase->allows
      
      1. high aromatase function when FSH falls
      2. Response to LH surge
   8. Estradiol diffuses into blood vessels

Question 14

LH leads to an increase in which receptors and proteins?

Answer 14

formation of estrogen

1. granulosa cells
   
   1. provide a protective/nursing function and express FSH receptors
      
      1. induces expression of LH receptors on granulosa cells in late follicular phase.
      2. Allows granulosa cells to maintain high aromatase function as FSH falls and allows cells to respond to LH surge.
         
         1. FSH decreases in response to inhibin
   2. LACK HYDROXYLASE and DESMOLASE
      
      1. means that DHEA and androsteridiol must be generated in the theca and transfered over to the granulosa.
2. theca cells
   
   1. considered nurse cells
   2. express LH receptors and produce androgens (progesteron +androstenedione)
   3. LACK THE ENZYME AROMATASE
      
      1. means the last product generated is testosterone and andrsteridiol for the granulosa cells (not sure what androsterone is for)
3. biochemistry= constant in theca but receptors and function change in granulosa
   
   1. LH stimulaes theca cells ->increase cAMP -> increase syntheis of LDL and HDL receptors along with STaR protein
   2. theca cells increase synthesis of androstenedione
   3. androstenedione diffuses freely to granulosa cells
   4. FSH stimulates granulosa cells increasing cAMP leading to an increase in
      
      1. aromatase function
      2. LH receptors
   5. aromatase converts androstenedione to erstrone
   6. 17B-HSDehydrogenase converts estone to estradiol
   7. FSH incduced LH receptor expression on the granulosa cells in late follicular phase->allows
      
      1. high aromatase function when FSH falls
      2. Response to LH surge
   8. Estradiol diffuses into blood vessels

Question 15

What occurs in a patient with a mutant aromatase?

Answer 15

no formation of estrogen and possibly a masculization. no mensing. brittle bones.

1. granulosa cells
   
   1. provide a protective/nursing function and express FSH receptors
      
      1. induces expression of LH receptors on granulosa cells in late follicular phase.
      2. Allows granulosa cells to maintain high aromatase function as FSH falls and allows cells to respond to LH surge.
         
         1. FSH decreases in response to inhibin
   2. LACK HYDROXYLASE and DESMOLASE
      
      1. means that DHEA and androsteridiol must be generated in the theca and transfered over to the granulosa.
2. theca cells
   
   1. considered nurse cells
   2. express LH receptors and produce androgens (progesteron +androstenedione)
   3. LACK THE ENZYME AROMATASE
      
      1. means the last product generated is testosterone and andrsteridiol for the granulosa cells (not sure what androsterone is for)
3. biochemistry= constant in theca but receptors and function change in granulosa
   
   1. LH stimulaes theca cells ->increase cAMP -> increase syntheis of LDL and HDL receptors along with STaR protein
   2. theca cells increase synthesis of androstenedione
   3. androstenedione diffuses freely to granulosa cells
   4. FSH stimulates granulosa cells increasing cAMP leading to an increase in
      
      1. aromatase function
      2. LH receptors
   5. aromatase converts androstenedione to erstrone
   6. 17B-HSDehydrogenase converts estone to estradiol
   7. FSH incduced LH receptor expression on the granulosa cells in late follicular phase->allows
      
      1. high aromatase function when FSH falls
      2. Response to LH surge
   8. Estradiol diffuses into blood vessels

Question 16

what are five functions of the ovarian follicle?

Answer 16

The ovarian follicle is the functional unit of the ovary

1. ovarian follicle=one germ cell completely surround by a cluster of endocrine cells
2. function
   
   1. maintains and nurtures the oocyte
   2. matures the oocyte and releases it at the approtpriate time
   3. prepares the vagina and fallopian tubes to assist in fertilization
   4. prepares the uterus to accept and implant a zygote
   5. maintains hormonal support of the fetus until placenta takes over

Question 17

one germ cell completely surround by a cluster of endocrine cells

Answer 17

The ovarian follicle is the functional unit of the ovary

1. ovarian follicle=one germ cell completely surround by a cluster of endocrine cells
2. function
   
   1. maintains and nurtures the oocyte
   2. matures the oocyte and releases it at the approtpriate time
   3. prepares the vagina and fallopian tubes to assist in fertilization
   4. prepares the uterus to accept and implant a zygote
   5. maintains hormonal support of the fetus until placenta takes over

Question 18

the functional unit of the ovary

Answer 18

The ovarian follicle is the functional unit of the ovary

1. ovarian follicle=one germ cell completely surround by a cluster of endocrine cells
2. function
   
   1. maintains and nurtures the oocyte
   2. matures the oocyte and releases it at the approtpriate time
   3. prepares the vagina and fallopian tubes to assist in fertilization
   4. prepares the uterus to accept and implant a zygote
   5. maintains hormonal support of the fetus until placenta takes over

Question 19

function of the ovarian follicle include

1. maintain and nurture
2. matures ___ and releases it
3. prepares the ____ and ____ to assist in fertilization
4. prepares the ___ to thicken
5. assists fetus until the ____ takes over

Answer 19

The ovarian follicle is the functional unit of the ovary

1. ovarian follicle=one germ cell completely surround by a cluster of endocrine cells
2. function
   
   1. maintains and nurtures the oocyte
   2. matures the oocyte and releases it at the approtpriate time
   3. prepares the vagina and fallopian tubes to assist in fertilization
   4. prepares the uterus to accept and implant a zygote
   5. maintains hormonal support of the fetus until placenta takes over

Question 20

Describe what occurs during the follwing dates

1. gestaion
   
   1. week 5-6
   2. month2-6
2. after puberty
   
   1. day 28 of cycle

Answer 20

1. gestation
   
   1. week 5-6
      
      1. primordial germ cells divide mitotically
         
         1. by week20-24 = 7million
   2. 2month-6month gestation
      
      1. oogonia enter prophase of meiosis 1 and become primary oocytes and remain in prophase until sexual maturity
   3. primary oocytes + layer of granulosa cells = primordial follicle
      
      1. basil lamina is formed on the outside of the granulosa cells
2. after puberty
   
   1. formation of secondary follicle from primary follicle is characterized via
      
      1. addition of thecal layer of cells
   2. post pubertal follicular development is under the control of cyclic FSH release
   3. day 28 of cycle = graafian follicle development
      
      1. occurs 70-85 days post menarche(first menstrual cycle)
      2. vesicles of the secondary follicle coalesce forming an antrum rich in estrogen
         
         1. estrogen is due to theca and granulosa cells in the cumulusoophorus
      3. graafian follicle increases in size
      4. theca cells strech and blister in a bulge formation

Question 21

post pubertal follicular development is under the control of cyclic ___ release

Answer 21

1. gestation
   
   1. week 5-6
      
      1. primordial germ cells divide mitotically
         
         1. by week20-24 = 7million
   2. week 2month-6month gestation
      
      1. oogonia enter prophase of meiosis 1 and become primary oocytes and remain in prophase until sexual maturity
   3. primary oocytes + layer of granulosa cells = primordial follicle
      
      1. basil lamina is formed on the outside of the granulosa cells
2. after puberty
   
   1. formation of secondary follicle from primary follicle is characterized via
      
      1. addition of thecal layer of cells
   2. post pubertal follicular development is under the control of cyclic FSH release
   3. day 28 of cycle = graafian follicle development
      
      1. occurs 70-85 days post menarche(first menstrual cycle)
      2. vesicles of the secondary follicle coalesce forming an antrum rich in estrogen
         
         1. estrogen is due to theca and granulosa cells in the cumulusoophorus
      3. graafian follicle increases in size
      4. theca cells strech and blister in a bulge formation

Question 22

describe the flow of maturation in oogenesis

1. primordial germ
2. oogonia
3. primary oocytes
4. primordial follicle
5. primary follicle
6. secondary follicle
7. graafian follicle

Answer 22

1. gestation
   
   1. week 5-6
      
      1. primordial germ cells divide mitotically
         
         1. by week20-24 = 7million
   2. week 2month-6month gestation
      
      1. oogonia enter prophase of meiosis 1 and become primary oocytes and remain in prophase until sexual maturity
   3. primary oocytes + layer of granulosa cells = primordial follicle
      
      1. basil lamina is formed on the outside of the granulosa cells
2. after puberty
   
   1. formation of secondary follicle from primary follicle is characterized via
      
      1. addition of thecal layer of cells
   2. post pubertal follicular development is under the control of cyclic FSH release
   3. day 28 of cycle = graafian follicle development
      
      1. occurs 70-85 days post menarche(first menstrual cycle)
      2. vesicles of the secondary follicle coalesce forming an antrum rich in estrogen
         
         1. estrogen is due to theca and granulosa cells in the cumulusoophorus
      3. graafian follicle increases in size
      4. theca cells strech and blister in a bulge formation

Question 23

what occurs 3-4 months after menarche?

Answer 23

1. gestation
   
   1. week 5-6
      
      1. primordial germ cells divide mitotically
         
         1. by week20-24 = 7million
   2. week 2month-6month gestation
      
      1. oogonia enter prophase of meiosis 1 and become primary oocytes and remain in prophase until sexual maturity
   3. primary oocytes + layer of granulosa cells = primordial follicle
      
      1. basil lamina is formed on the outside of the granulosa cells
2. after puberty
   
   1. formation of secondary follicle from primary follicle is characterized via
      
      1. addition of thecal layer of cells
   2. post pubertal follicular development is under the control of cyclic FSH release
   3. day 28 of cycle = graafian follicle development
      
      1. occurs 70-85 days post menarche(first menstrual cycle)
      2. vesicles of the secondary follicle coalesce forming an antrum rich in estrogen
         
         1. estrogen is due to theca and granulosa cells in the cumulusoophorus
      3. graafian follicle increases in size
      4. theca cells strech and blister in a bulge formation

Question 24

describe the phases that the oocyte is arrested in and why

Answer 24

1. oogonium
   
   1. meiosis begins
   2. Integral proteins are low in concentration so the oocyte “arrests” in prophase 1 for up to 50 years
2. primary oocyte
   
   1. as oocyte grows it synthesizes proteins required to complete meiosis, but high cAMP levels actively maintain arrested state
   2. just prior to ovulation
      
      1. oocyte completes meiorsis 1 and extrudes 1st polar body
      2. arresting in metaphase 2
3. secondary oocyte
   
   1. completes meiosis at fertilization and extrudes second polar body

Question 25

What occurs in the oocyte with a decrease/increase in cAMP levels?

Answer 25

1. oogonium 1. meiosis begins 2. Integral proteins are low in concentration so the oocyte "arrests" in prophase 1 for up to 50 years 2. primary oocyte 1. ***_as oocyte grows it synthesizes proteins required to complete meiosis, but high cAMP levels actively maintain arrested state_*** 2. just prior to ovulation 1. oocyte completes meiorsis 1 and extrudes 1st polar body 2. arresting in metaphase 2 3. secondary oocyte 1. completes meiosis at fertilization and extrudes second polar body 1. ***_cAMP decreases allowing meiosis to finish_***

Question 26

How many follicles does a woman start with and how many are left at the point of menarche?

Answer 26

ovarian reserve in women 1. 7million primary oocytes by 5th month of gestation 1. \>6million follicles experience atresia 2. ovarian reserve 1. ***_less than 300k primordial follicles at menarche_*** 2. atresia \> 270kfollicles 3. growth 1. less 30k primordial follicles 4. ***_ovarian ovulation_*** 1. ***_less than 500 dominant follicles_***

Question 27

describe the ovarian reserve in women

Answer 27

ovarian reserve in women 1. 7million primary oocytes by 5th month of gestation 1. \>6million follicles experience atresia 2. ovarian reserve 1. less than 300k primordial follicles at menarche 2. atresia \> 270kfollicles 3. growth 1. less 30k primordial follicles 4. ovarian ovulation 1. less than 500 dominant follicles

Question 28

What if the frequency of GnRH release for the stimulation of follicular development?

Answer 28

GnRH released in pulsatile manner 1. high frequency 1. 1 every 60-90 min promotes LH production 2. ***_low frequency_*** 1. ***_every 120 min promotes FSH production_***

Question 29

Stimulation of GnRH in what frequency leads to an increase of 17a-OHProgesterone? What cell is affected?

Answer 29

GnRH released in pulsatile manner 1. high frequency 1. 1 every 60-90 min promotes LH production 2. low frequency 1. every 120 min promotes FSH production

Question 30

Describe the two organs involved with hypothalamic -pituitary-axis cycle

Answer 30

1. two organs 1. ovary 1. follicular and luteal phases separated by oculation 2. uterus -endometrial cycle 1. menstrual 2. proliferatie and secretory phases 2. monthly pattern results from the interaction of ovarian steroids and peptides and their ability to exert both posistive and negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary 3. three phases of the munstrual cycle 1. overall duration of "normal" cycle =28 days 1. can range from21-35days 2. phases 1. follucular phase 1. begins with onset of menstrual bleeding 2. ~15 days 3. most variable part of cycle (9-23day) 2. ovulatory phase 1. ~1-3days 2. culminate in ovulation 3. luteal phase 1. lasts 13-14 days and is a fixed amount of time, this will not adjust in length 2. ends with menstrual bleeding

Question 31

list and describe the two organs and their phase involvement in menstrual cycle

Answer 31

1. ***_two organs_*** 1. ***_ovary_*** 1. ***_follicular and luteal phases separated by oculation_*** 2. ***_uterus -endometrial cycle_*** 1. ***_menstrual_*** 2. ***_proliferatie and secretory phases_*** 2. monthly pattern results from the interaction of ovarian steroids and peptides and their ability to exert both posistive and negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary 3. three phases of the munstrual cycle 1. overall duration of "normal" cycle =28 days 1. can range from21-35days 2. phases 1. follucular phase 1. begins with onset of menstrual bleeding 2. ~15 days 3. most variable part of cycle (9-23day) 2. ovulatory phase 1. ~1-3days 2. culminate in ovulation 3. luteal phase 1. lasts 13-14 days and is a fixed amount of time, this will not adjust in length 2. ends with menstrual bleeding

Question 32

1. begins with onset of menstrual bleeding 2. ~15 days 3. most variable part of cycle (9-23day)

Answer 32

1. two organs 1. ovary 1. follicular and luteal phases separated by oculation 2. uterus -endometrial cycle 1. menstrual 2. proliferatie and secretory phases 2. monthly pattern results from the interaction of ovarian steroids and peptides and their ability to exert both posistive and negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary 3. three phases of the munstrual cycle 1. overall duration of "normal" cycle =28 days 1. can range from21-35days 2. ***_phases_*** 1. ***_follucular phase_*** 1. ***_begins with onset of menstrual bleeding_*** 2. ***_~15 days_*** 3. ***_most variable part of cycle (9-23day)_*** 2. ***_ovulatory phase_*** 1. ~1-3days 2. culminate in ovulation 3. luteal phase 1. lasts 13-14 days and is a fixed amount of time, this will not adjust in length 2. ends with menstrual bleeding

Question 33

1. ~1-3days 2. culminate in ovulation

Answer 33

1. two organs 1. ovary 1. follicular and luteal phases separated by oculation 2. uterus -endometrial cycle 1. menstrual 2. proliferatie and secretory phases 2. monthly pattern results from the interaction of ovarian steroids and peptides and their ability to exert both posistive and negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary 3. three phases of the munstrual cycle 1. overall duration of "normal" cycle =28 days 1. can range from21-35days 2. phases 1. follucular phase 1. begins with onset of menstrual bleeding 2. ~15 days 3. most variable part of cycle (9-23day) 2. ***_ovulatory phase_*** 1. ***_~1-3days_*** 2. ***_culminate in ovulation_*** 3. luteal phase 1. lasts 13-14 days and is a fixed amount of time, this will not adjust in length 2. ends with menstrual bleeding

Question 34

lasts 13-14 days and is a fixed amount of time, this will not adjust in length ends with menstrual bleeding

Answer 34

1. two organs 1. ovary 1. follicular and luteal phases separated by oculation 2. uterus -endometrial cycle 1. menstrual 2. proliferatie and secretory phases 2. monthly pattern results from the interaction of ovarian steroids and peptides and their ability to exert both posistive and negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary 3. three phases of the munstrual cycle 1. overall duration of "normal" cycle =28 days 1. can range from21-35days 2. phases 1. follucular phase 1. begins with onset of menstrual bleeding 2. ~15 days 3. most variable part of cycle (9-23day) 2. ovulatory phase 1. ~1-3days 2. culminate in ovulation 3. ***_luteal phase_*** 1. ***_lasts 13-14 days and is a fixed amount of time, this will not adjust in length_*** 2. ***_ends with menstrual bleeding_***

Question 35

describe the phases of mentrual cycle

Answer 35

1. two organs 1. ovary 1. follicular and luteal phases separated by oculation 2. uterus -endometrial cycle 1. menstrual 2. proliferatie and secretory phases 2. monthly pattern results from the interaction of ovarian steroids and peptides and their ability to exert both posistive and negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary 3. ***_three phases of the munstrual cycle_*** 1. ***_overall duration of "normal" cycle =28 days_*** 1. ***_can range from21-35days_*** 2. ***_phases_*** 1. ***_follucular phase_*** 1. ***_begins with onset of menstrual bleeding_*** 2. ***_~15 days_*** 3. ***_most variable part of cycle (9-23day)_*** 2. ***_ovulatory phase_*** 1. ***_~1-3days_*** 2. ***_culminate in ovulation_*** 3. ***_luteal phase_*** 1. ***_lasts 13-14 days and is a fixed amount of time, this will not adjust in length_*** 2. ***_ends with menstrual bleeding_***

Question 36

describe some important events in the follicular stage(follicular can be group into early, intermediate and late)

Answer 36

ovarian cycle 1. follicular phase 1. ***_1-13 early follicular phase_*** 1. high Progesterone in luteal phase is thought to slow GnRH pulses resulting in selective stimulation of FSH production 2. No fertilization =regression of corpus luteum 3. inhibin, E and P are low 4. menses occurs here 5. ***_low hormone levels = gonadotroph does not experience -feedback = increase in FSH secretion_*** 6. characterized by 1. recruitment and growth of 15-20 antral follicles 2. growth of a dominanat follicle until ovulation 7. ***_rise in FSH recruits a crop of large antral follicles that begin rapid FSH dependent growth_*** 1. they produce low levels of E and inhibinB 2. Take not in the photo around day 1 estradiol increase a little bit 2. ***_mid-follicular phase_*** 1. ***_rising E and inhibin B = (-) feedback on FSH secretion_*** 2. prolonged low levels of P and E increase the frequency of GnRH pulses 1. selective increae in LH synthesis and secretion 3. LH/FSH ratio increases during follicular phase 1. note the change from day 2-12, that LH is increasing and FSH is decreasing = inhibin decreases the FSH 4. ***_decrease FSH leads to atresia of developing follicle_*** 1. ***_largest follicle with the most FSH receptors will survive_*** 3. ***_late-follicular phase_*** 1. ***_FSH also induces expression of LH receptors on granulosa cells of dominant follicle making it more sensittive to the LH surge_*** 1. which is why the follicle with the most FSH receptors continues to maturation 2. dominant follicle produces increasing amount of 1. estradiol 17-B 2. inhibin 3. once estradiol 17-B reaches ~20pg/mL for 48 hrs estrogen begins to have a positive feedback on gonadotroph 4. ***_High E and little P has + effect on LH and FSH_*** 2. ovulation 1. germinal vesicle breakldown occurs after LH surge = 1.5 days-\> cumulus oocyte is released from wall of follicle 2. two structures 1. corpus luteum- 1. two actions increase LDL and HDL and StAR 1. basil lamina degrade of granulosa cells 1. causing release of VEGF 2. increase in GF 2. restructization of the theca and granulosa cells -\>estrogen and progesterone generation 2. oocyte 1. traveling towards to the uterine tubule 3. ovarian cycle: luteal phase 1. early luteal phase: initial decrease in E 1. terminates + feedback on LH 2. corpus luteu matures and increases levels in P and E = - feedback on both LH and FSH 2. late luteal phase: 1. Corpus luteum starts to regress = decrease in P and E 3. no fertilization 1. regression of corpus luteum 2. inhibin, P and E are low 3. gonadotroph now experiences no - feedback = increase in FSH 4. menses - see the uterine cycle 1. coincides with the follicular phase

Question 37

what phase is marked by atresia of developing follicles? Describe this process

Answer 37

ovarian cycle 1. follicular phase 1. 1-13 early follicular phase 1. high Progesterone in luteal phase is thought to slow GnRH pulses resulting in selective stimulation of FSH production 2. No fertilization =regression of corpus luteum 3. inhibin, E and P are low 4. low hormone levels = gonadotroph does not experience -feedback = increase in FSH secretion 5. characterized by 1. recruitment and growth of 15-20 antral follicles 2. growth of a dominanat follicle until ovulation 6. rise in FSH recruits a crop of large antral follicles that begin rapid FSH dependent growth 1. they produce low levels of E and inhibinB 2. Take not in the photo around day 1 estradiol increase a little bit 2. mid-follicular phase 1. rising E and inhibin B= - feedback on FSH secretion 2. prolonged low levels of P and E increase the frequency of GnRH pulses 1. selective increae in LH synthesis and secretion 3. LH/FSH ratio increases during follicular phase 1. note the change from day 2-12, that LH is increasing and FSH is decreasing = inhibin decreases the FSH 4. ***_decrease FSH leads to atresia of developing follicle_*** 1. ***_largest follicle with the most FSH receptors will survive_*** 3. late-follicular phase 1. FSH also induces expression of LH receptors on granulosa cells of dominant follicle making it more sensittive to the LH surge 1. which is why the follicle with the most FSH receptors continues to maturation 2. dominant follicle produces increasing amount of 1. estradiol 17-B 2. inhibin 3. once estradiol 17-B reaches ~20pg/mL for 48 hrs estrogen begins to have a positive feedback on gonadotroph 4. ***_High E and little P has + effect on LH and FSH_*** 2. ovulation 1. germinal vesicle breakldown occurs after LH surge = 1.5 days-\> cumulus oocyte is released from wall of follicle 2. two structures 1. corpus luteum- 1. two actions increase LDL and HDL and StAR 1. basil lamina degrade of granulosa cells 1. causing release of VEGF 2. increase in GF 2. restructization of the theca and granulosa cells -\>estrogen and progesterone generation 2. oocyte 1. traveling towards to the uterine tubule 3. ovarian cycle: luteal phase 1. early luteal phase: initial decrease in E 1. terminates + feedback on LH 2. corpus luteu matures and increases levels in P and E = - feedback on both LH and FSH 2. late luteal phase: 1. Corpus luteum starts to regress = decrease in P and E 3. no fertilization 1. regression of corpus luteum 2. inhibin, P and E are low 3. gonadotroph now experiences no - feedback = increase in FSH 4. menses - see the uterine cycle 1. coincides with the follicular phase

Question 38

diagram and explain the follicular and luteal phases

Answer 38

ovarian cycle 1. follicular phase 1. 1-13 early follicular phase 1. high Progesterone in luteal phase is thought to slow GnRH pulses resulting in selective stimulation of FSH production 2. No fertilization =regression of corpus luteum 3. inhibin, E and P are low 4. low hormone levels = gonadotroph does not experience -feedback = increase in FSH secretion 5. characterized by 1. recruitment and growth of 15-20 antral follicles 2. growth of a dominanat follicle until ovulation 6. rise in FSH recruits a crop of large antral follicles that begin rapid FSH dependent growth 1. they produce low levels of E and inhibinB 2. Take not in the photo around day 1 estradiol increase a little bit 2. mid-follicular phase 1. rising E and inhibin B= - feedback on FSH secretion 2. prolonged low levels of P and E increase the frequency of GnRH pulses 1. selective increae in LH synthesis and secretion 3. LH/FSH ratio increases during follicular phase 1. note the change from day 2-12, that LH is increasing and FSH is decreasing = inhibin decreases the FSH 4. ***_decrease FSH leads to atresia of developing follicle_*** 1. ***_largest follicle with the most FSH receptors will survive_*** 3. late-follicular phase 1. FSH also induces expression of LH receptors on granulosa cells of dominant follicle making it more sensittive to the LH surge 1. which is why the follicle with the most FSH receptors continues to maturation 2. dominant follicle produces increasing amount of 1. estradiol 17-B 2. inhibin 3. once estradiol 17-B reaches ~20pg/mL for 48 hrs estrogen begins to have a positive feedback on gonadotroph 4. ***_High E and little P has + effect on LH and FSH_*** 2. ovulation 1. germinal vesicle breakldown occurs after LH surge = 1.5 days-\> cumulus oocyte is released from wall of follicle 2. two structures 1. corpus luteum- 1. two actions increase LDL and HDL and StAR 1. basil lamina degrade of granulosa cells 1. causing release of VEGF 2. increase in GF 2. restructization of the theca and granulosa cells -\>estrogen and progesterone generation 2. oocyte 1. traveling towards to the uterine tubule 3. ovarian cycle: luteal phase 1. early luteal phase: initial decrease in E 1. terminates + feedback on LH 2. corpus luteu matures and increases levels in P and E = - feedback on both LH and FSH 2. late luteal phase: 1. Corpus luteum starts to regress = decrease in P and E 3. no fertilization 1. regression of corpus luteum 2. inhibin, P and E are low 3. gonadotroph now experiences no - feedback = increase in FSH 4. menses - see the uterine cycle 1. coincides with the follicular phase

Question 39

describe the important events in the luteal cycle

Answer 39

ovarian cycle 1. follicular phase 1. 1-13 early follicular phase 1. high Progesterone in luteal phase is thought to slow GnRH pulses resulting in selective stimulation of FSH production 2. No fertilization =regression of corpus luteum 3. inhibin, E and P are low 4. low hormone levels = gonadotroph does not experience -feedback = increase in FSH secretion 5. characterized by 1. recruitment and growth of 15-20 antral follicles 2. growth of a dominanat follicle until ovulation 6. rise in FSH recruits a crop of large antral follicles that begin rapid FSH dependent growth 1. they produce low levels of E and inhibinB 2. Take not in the photo around day 1 estradiol increase a little bit 2. mid-follicular phase 1. rising E and inhibin B= - feedback on FSH secretion 2. prolonged low levels of P and E increase the frequency of GnRH pulses 1. selective increae in LH synthesis and secretion 3. LH/FSH ratio increases during follicular phase 1. note the change from day 2-12, that LH is increasing and FSH is decreasing = inhibin decreases the FSH 4. ***_decrease FSH leads to atresia of developing follicle_*** 1. ***_largest follicle with the most FSH receptors will survive_*** 3. late-follicular phase 1. FSH also induces expression of LH receptors on granulosa cells of dominant follicle making it more sensittive to the LH surge 1. which is why the follicle with the most FSH receptors continues to maturation 2. dominant follicle produces increasing amount of 1. estradiol 17-B 2. inhibin 3. once estradiol 17-B reaches ~20pg/mL for 48 hrs estrogen begins to have a positive feedback on gonadotroph 4. ***_High E and little P has + effect on LH and FSH_*** 2. ovulation 1. germinal vesicle breakldown occurs after LH surge = 1.5 days-\> cumulus oocyte is released from wall of follicle 2. two structures 1. corpus luteum- 1. two actions increase LDL and HDL and StAR 1. basil lamina degrade of granulosa cells 1. causing release of VEGF 2. increase in GF 2. restructization of the theca and granulosa cells -\>estrogen and progesterone generation 2. oocyte 1. traveling towards to the uterine tubule 3. ***_ovarian cycle: luteal phase_*** 1. ***_early luteal phase: initial decrease in E_*** 1. ***_terminates + feedback on LH_*** 2. ***_corpus luteu matures and increases levels in P and E = - feedback on both LH and FSH_*** 2. ***_late luteal phase:_*** 1. ***_Corpus luteum starts to regress = decrease in P and E_*** 3. ***_no fertilization_*** 1. ***_regression of corpus luteum_*** 2. ***_inhibin, P and E are low_*** 3. ***_gonadotroph now experiences no - feedback = increase in FSH_*** 4. menses - see the uterine cycle 1. coincides with the follicular phase

Question 40

what occurs during the 26th-28th day of the luteal phase? describe before and after this stage.

Answer 40

ovarian cycle 1. follicular phase 1. 1-13 early follicular phase 1. high Progesterone in luteal phase is thought to slow GnRH pulses resulting in selective stimulation of FSH production 2. No fertilization =regression of corpus luteum 3. inhibin, E and P are low 4. low hormone levels = gonadotroph does not experience -feedback = increase in FSH secretion 5. characterized by 1. recruitment and growth of 15-20 antral follicles 2. growth of a dominanat follicle until ovulation 6. rise in FSH recruits a crop of large antral follicles that begin rapid FSH dependent growth 1. they produce low levels of E and inhibinB 2. Take not in the photo around day 1 estradiol increase a little bit 2. mid-follicular phase 1. rising E and inhibin B= - feedback on FSH secretion 2. prolonged low levels of P and E increase the frequency of GnRH pulses 1. selective increae in LH synthesis and secretion 3. LH/FSH ratio increases during follicular phase 1. note the change from day 2-12, that LH is increasing and FSH is decreasing = inhibin decreases the FSH 4. ***_decrease FSH leads to atresia of developing follicle_*** 1. ***_largest follicle with the most FSH receptors will survive_*** 3. late-follicular phase 1. FSH also induces expression of LH receptors on granulosa cells of dominant follicle making it more sensittive to the LH surge 1. which is why the follicle with the most FSH receptors continues to maturation 2. dominant follicle produces increasing amount of 1. estradiol 17-B 2. inhibin 3. once estradiol 17-B reaches ~20pg/mL for 48 hrs estrogen begins to have a positive feedback on gonadotroph 4. ***_High E and little P has + effect on LH and FSH_*** 2. ovulation 1. germinal vesicle breakldown occurs after LH surge = 1.5 days-\> cumulus oocyte is released from wall of follicle 2. two structures 1. corpus luteum- 1. two actions increase LDL and HDL and StAR 1. basil lamina degrade of granulosa cells 1. causing release of VEGF 2. increase in GF 2. restructization of the theca and granulosa cells -\>estrogen and progesterone generation 2. oocyte 1. traveling towards to the uterine tubule 3. *_ovarian cycle: luteal phase_* 1. *_early luteal phase: initial decrease in E_* 1. *_terminates + feedback on LH_* 2. *_corpus luteu matures and increases levels in P and E = - feedback on both LH and FSH_* 2. ***_late luteal phase:_*** 1. ***_Corpus luteum starts to regress = decrease in P and E_*** 3. *_no fertilization_* 1. *_regression of corpus luteum_* 2. *_inhibin, P and E are low_* 3. *_gonadotroph now experiences no - feedback = increase in FSH_* 4. menses - see the uterine cycle 1. coincides with the follicular phase

Question 41

describe the selection of an oocyte for ovulation. think of it as 1= at ovulation 2= post ovulation

Answer 41

oogenesis: selection for ovulation 1. MOST RAPID STAGE lasting 7-10 days 2. ***_the Graafian follicle that is selected for ovulation is determined by the number of estrogen and FSH receptors_*** 3. ovulation occurs under influence of ***_LH_*** 1. ***_at ovulation_*** 1. *_1st meitotic division (2n-\>1n) is complete_* 1. *_generating a secondary oocyte_* 2. *_secondary oocyte begins the 2nd meitotic division but is suspended at metaphase 2_* 3. *_germinal vesicle breakdown occurs ~30 hrs after LH surge=dissolution of nuclear membrane and intterphase of nuclear structure_* 2. ***_after ovulation_*** 1. *_secondary oocyte travels down ampulla of oviduct_* 2. *_sperm penetration of the zona pellucida completes the 2nd meitotic division forming and ootid and the 2nd polar body which degenerattes_* 4. remainig follicle in the ovary-\>corpu luteum 1. at the rupture is the corpus hemorrhagium 1. wall of follicle and ovary at the stigma are broken down with release of cumulus-oocyte (ovulation) 1.5 days after LH surge 2. under the influence of LH 1. granulosa and theca cells form the corpus luteum (yellow body) 1. yellow due to increase in cholesterol synthesis and use to generate sex steroids 2. enzymatic degradation of basal lamina of granulosa cells causes release of VEGF, angiopoetin 2 and fibroblast growth factor 1. these are increase LDL,HDL and StAR acttivity 3. transient decrease in aromatase 1. stops + feedback of estrogen on gonadotroph and allows the granulosa and theca cells to restructure into corpus luteum 2. note the drop in estrogen for ~ 2 days 4. produces progesterone and 1. pregnancy 1. persists if pregnancy ensues 2. no pregnancy 1. corpus luteum -\> corpus albicans (white body) towards end of luteum

Question 42

what is the most rapid stage lasting 7-10 days?

Answer 42

***_oogenesis: selection for ovulation_*** 1. ***_MOST RAPID STAGE lasting 7-10 days_*** 2. the Graafian follicle that is selected for ovulation is determined by the number of estrogen and FSH receptors 3. ovulation occurs under influence of LH 1. at ovulation 1. 1st meitotic division (2n-\>1n) is complete 1. generating a secondary oocyte 2. secondary oocyte begins the 2nd meitotic division but is suspended at metaphase 2 3. germinal vesicle breakdown occurs ~30 hrs after LH surge=dissolution of nuclear membrane and intterphase of nuclear structure 4. 2. after ovulation 1. secondary oocyte travels down ampulla of oviduct 2. sperm penetration of the zona pellucida completes the 2nd meitotic division forming and ootid and the 2nd polar body which degenerattes 4. remainig follicle in the ovary-\>corpu luteum 1. at the rupture is the corpus hemorrhagium 1. wall of follicle and ovary at the stigma are broken down with release of cumulus-oocyte (ovulation) 1.5 days after LH surge 2. under the influence of LH 1. granulosa and theca cells form the corpus luteum (yellow body) 1. yellow due to increase in cholesterol synthesis and use to generate sex steroids 2. enzymatic degradation of basal lamina of granulosa cells causes release of VEGF, angiopoetin 2 and fibroblast growth factor 1. these are increase LDL,HDL and StAR acttivity 3. transient decrease in aromatase 1. stops + feedback of estrogen on gonadotroph and allows the granulosa and theca cells to restructure into corpus luteum 2. note the drop in estrogen for ~ 2 days 4. produces progesterone and 1. pregnancy 1. persists if pregnancy ensues 2. no pregnancy 1. corpus luteum -\> corpus albicans (white body) towards end of luteum

Question 43

describe germinal breakdown with regards to hormone and time

Answer 43

oogenesis: selection for ovulation 1. MOST RAPID STAGE lasting 7-10 days 2. the Graafian follicle that is selected for ovulation is determined by the number of estrogen and FSH receptors 3. ovulation occurs under influence of LH 1. at ovulation 1. 1st meitotic division (2n-\>1n) is complete 1. generating a secondary oocyte 2. secondary oocyte begins the 2nd meitotic division but is suspended at metaphase 2 3. ***_germinal vesicle breakdown occurs ~30 hrs after LH surge=dissolution of nuclear membrane and intterphase of nuclear structure_*** 4. 2. after ovulation 1. secondary oocyte travels down ampulla of oviduct 2. sperm penetration of the zona pellucida completes the 2nd meitotic division forming and ootid and the 2nd polar body which degenerattes 4. remainig follicle in the ovary-\>corpu luteum 1. at the rupture is the corpus hemorrhagium 1. wall of follicle and ovary at the stigma are broken down with release of cumulus-oocyte (ovulation) 1.5 days after LH surge 2. under the influence of LH 1. granulosa and theca cells form the corpus luteum (yellow body) 1. yellow due to increase in cholesterol synthesis and use to generate sex steroids 2. enzymatic degradation of basal lamina of granulosa cells causes release of VEGF, angiopoetin 2 and fibroblast growth factor 1. these are increase LDL,HDL and StAR acttivity 3. transient decrease in aromatase 1. stops + feedback of estrogen on gonadotroph and allows the granulosa and theca cells to restructure into corpus luteum 2. note the drop in estrogen for ~ 2 days 4. produces progesterone and 1. pregnancy 1. persists if pregnancy ensues 2. no pregnancy 1. corpus luteum -\> corpus albicans (white body) towards end of luteum

Question 44

remaining follicle post ovulation leaves a structure in the ovary. Describe the important steps taken to develop and hormones involved

Answer 44

oogenesis: selection for ovulation 1. MOST RAPID STAGE lasting 7-10 days 2. the Graafian follicle that is selected for ovulation is determined by the number of estrogen and FSH receptors 3. ovulation occurs under influence of LH 1. at ovulation 1. 1st meitotic division (2n-\>1n) is complete 1. generating a secondary oocyte 2. secondary oocyte begins the 2nd meitotic division but is suspended at metaphase 2 3. germinal vesicle breakdown occurs ~30 hrs after LH surge=dissolution of nuclear membrane and intterphase of nuclear structure 4. 2. after ovulation 1. secondary oocyte travels down ampulla of oviduct 2. sperm penetration of the zona pellucida completes the 2nd meitotic division forming and ootid and the 2nd polar body which degenerattes 4. ***_remainig follicle in the ovary-\>corpu luteum_*** 1. ***_at the rupture is the corpus hemorrhagium_*** 1. ***_wall of follicle and ovary at the stigma are broken down with release of cumulus-oocyte (ovulation) 1.5 days after LH surge_*** 2. ***_under the influence of LH_*** 1. ***_granulosa and theca cells form the corpus luteum (yellow body)_*** 1. ***_yellow due to increase in cholesterol synthesis and use to generate sex steroids_*** 2. ***_enzymatic degradation of basal lamina of granulosa cells causes release of VEGF, angiopoetin 2 and fibroblast growth factor_*** 1. ***_these are increase LDL,HDL and StAR acttivity_*** 3. ***_transient decrease in aromatase_*** 1. ***_stops + feedback of estrogen on gonadotroph and allows the granulosa and theca cells to restructure into corpus luteum_*** 2. ***_note the drop in estrogen for ~ 2 days_*** 4. ***_produces progesterone and_*** 1. ***_pregnancy_*** 1. ***_persists if pregnancy ensues_*** 2. ***_no pregnancy_*** 1. ***_corpus luteum -\> corpus albicans (white body) towards end of luteum_***

Question 45

describe the structures in the ovary that occur under pregnancy and no pregnancy

Answer 45

oogenesis: selection for ovulation 1. MOST RAPID STAGE lasting 7-10 days 2. the Graafian follicle that is selected for ovulation is determined by the number of estrogen and FSH receptors 3. ovulation occurs under influence of LH 1. at ovulation 1. 1st meitotic division (2n-\>1n) is complete 1. generating a secondary oocyte 2. secondary oocyte begins the 2nd meitotic division but is suspended at metaphase 2 3. germinal vesicle breakdown occurs ~30 hrs after LH surge=dissolution of nuclear membrane and intterphase of nuclear structure 4. 2. after ovulation 1. secondary oocyte travels down ampulla of oviduct 2. sperm penetration of the zona pellucida completes the 2nd meitotic division forming and ootid and the 2nd polar body which degenerattes 4. remainig follicle in the ovary-\>corpu luteum 1. at the rupture is the corpus hemorrhagium 1. wall of follicle and ovary at the stigma are broken down with release of cumulus-oocyte (ovulation) 1.5 days after LH surge 2. under the influence of LH 1. granulosa and theca cells form the corpus luteum (yellow body) 1. yellow due to increase in cholesterol synthesis and use to generate sex steroids 2. enzymatic degradation of basal lamina of granulosa cells causes release of VEGF, angiopoetin 2 and fibroblast growth factor 1. these are increase LDL,HDL and StAR acttivity 3. transient decrease in aromatase 1. stops + feedback of estrogen on gonadotroph and allows the granulosa and theca cells to restructure into corpus luteum 2. note the drop in estrogen for ~ 2 days 4. ***_produces progesterone and_*** 1. ***_pregnancy_*** 1. ***_persists if pregnancy ensues_*** 2. ***_no pregnancy_*** 1. ***_corpus luteum -\> corpus albicans (white body) towards end of luteum_***

Question 46

what leads to a decrease in aromatase activity of the granulosa cells and why?

Answer 46

oogenesis: selection for ovulation 1. MOST RAPID STAGE lasting 7-10 days 2. the Graafian follicle that is selected for ovulation is determined by the number of estrogen and FSH receptors 3. ovulation occurs under influence of LH 1. at ovulation 1. 1st meitotic division (2n-\>1n) is complete 1. generating a secondary oocyte 2. secondary oocyte begins the 2nd meitotic division but is suspended at metaphase 2 3. germinal vesicle breakdown occurs ~30 hrs after LH surge=dissolution of nuclear membrane and intterphase of nuclear structure 4. 2. after ovulation 1. secondary oocyte travels down ampulla of oviduct 2. sperm penetration of the zona pellucida completes the 2nd meitotic division forming and ootid and the 2nd polar body which degenerattes 4. remainig follicle in the ovary-\>corpu luteum 1. at the rupture is the corpus hemorrhagium 1. wall of follicle and ovary at the stigma are broken down with release of cumulus-oocyte (ovulation) 1.5 days after LH surge 2. under the influence of LH 1. granulosa and theca cells form the corpus luteum (yellow body) 1. yellow due to increase in cholesterol synthesis and use to generate sex steroids 2. enzymatic degradation of basal lamina of granulosa cells causes release of VEGF, angiopoetin 2 and fibroblast growth factor 1. these are increase LDL,HDL and StAR acttivity 3. ***_transient decrease in aromatase_*** 1. ***_stops + feedback of estrogen on gonadotroph and allows the granulosa and theca cells to restructure into corpus luteum_*** 2. ***_note the drop in estrogen for ~ 2 days_*** 4. produces progesterone and 1. pregnancy 1. persists if pregnancy ensues 2. no pregnancy 1. corpus luteum -\> corpus albicans (white body) towards end of luteum

Question 47

describe the hormones and their contribution for the uterine cycle. (2 phases)

Answer 47

uterine cycle 1. phase 1. proliferative phase 1. coincides with follicular phase 2. rising E in mid-late follicular phase induce all cell types in the stratum basale to grow and divide 3. endometrial lining starts to grow 4. cell prolliferation occurs 1. directly 1. from estrogen receptor 2. indirectly production of growth factors like 1. IGF1 2. VEGF 5. arteries become more abundant and uterine glands form 6. E induces expression of P receptors 1. this PRIMES the uterus to repond to pregesteron during the luteal phase of the cycle 2. secretory phase 1. preperation for implantation 2. under influence of P and E 3. coincides with luteal phase 4. P induces 1. differentiation of epithelial and stromal cells 2. uterine glands to fill with glycogen vacuoles - supports the embryo 3. inactivating isoforms of 17B-HSD 1. so active estradiol is converted to inactive estrone 1. important for protecting the endometrium from estrogen induced uterine cancer 5. P inhibits 1. proliferative actions of E by down regulating the ER

Question 48

answering the following in regard to the proliferative phase 1. coincides with the \_\_\_\_ 2. what type of estrogen induces stratum basale cells to grow? 3. what grow as a response? cell proliferation occurs directly and indirectly 4. estrogen induces expression of whatt receptors?

Answer 48

uterine cycle 1. phase 1. ***_proliferative phase_*** 1. ***_coincides with follicular phase_*** 2. ***_rising E in mid-late follicular phase induce all cell types in the stratum basale to grow and divide_*** 3. ***_endometrial lining starts to grow_*** 4. ***_cell prolliferation occurs_*** 1. ***_directly_*** 1. ***_from estrogen receptor_*** 2. ***_indirectly production of growth factors like_*** 1. ***_IGF1_*** 2. ***_VEGF_*** 5. ***_arteries become more abundant and uterine glands form_*** 6. ***_E induces expression of P receptors_*** 1. ***_this PRIMES the uterus to repond to pregesteron during the luteal phase of the cycle_*** 2. secretory phase 1. preperation for implantation 2. under influence of P and E 3. coincides with luteal phase 4. P induces 1. differentiation of epithelial and stromal cells 2. uterine glands to fill with glycogen vacuoles - supports the embryo 3. inactivating isoforms of 17B-HSD 1. so active estradiol is converted to inactive estrone 1. important for protecting the endometrium from estrogen induced uterine cancer 5. P inhibits 1. proliferative actions of E by down regulating the ER

Question 49

answer the following questions with regard to the secretory phase 1. preperation for \_\_\_\_ 2. under the influence of ___ and \_\_\_\_ 3. Progesterone 1. induces -3 things 2. inhibits - 1 thing

Answer 49

uterine cycle 1. phase 1. proliferative phase 1. coincides with follicular phase 2. rising E in mid-late follicular phase induce all cell types in the stratum basale to grow and divide 3. endometrial lining starts to grow 4. cell prolliferation occurs 1. directly 1. from estrogen receptor 2. indirectly production of growth factors like 1. IGF1 2. VEGF 5. arteries become more abundant and uterine glands form 6. E induces expression of P receptors 1. this PRIMES the uterus to repond to pregesteron during the luteal phase of the cycle 2. ***_secretory phase_*** 1. ***_preperation for implantation_*** 2. ***_under influence of P and E_*** 3. ***_coincides with luteal phase_*** 4. ***_P induces_*** 1. ***_differentiation of epithelial and stromal cells_*** 2. ***_uterine glands to fill with glycogen vacuoles - supports the embryo_*** 3. ***_inactivating isoforms of 17B-HSD_*** 1. ***_so active estradiol is converted to inactive estrone_*** 1. ***_important for protecting the endometrium from estrogen induced uterine cancer_*** 5. ***_P inhibits_*** 1. ***_proliferative actions of E by down regulating the ER_***

Question 50

explain the following about uterine cycle menstruation 1. a sudden withdrawl of P is an indication of what? 2. what does this lead to?

Answer 50

uterine cycle 1. ***_menstruation_*** 1. ***_in a non-fertile cycle the corpus luteum dies and there is a sudden withdrawal of P_*** 2. ***_this leads to a loss of the lamina functionalis and sloughin go the uterine lining_*** 1. ***_lasts 4-5 days_*** 3. ***_~25-35 ml of blood lost during this time_*** 2. implantation window 1. there is onlt a brief time period of endometrial receptivitty for implantation 2. as early as day 16 and is late as day 19 1. 3 day window!! 2. this is around mid-late secretory phase of the uterine cycle 3. fertilization normally occurs within one day of ovulation so the effective window is less than 4 days

Question 51

answer the following with regard to uterine cycle implantation window 1. when does implatation occur? 2. when doesfertilization occur?

Answer 51

uterine cycle 1. menstruation 1. in a non-fertile cycle the corpus luteum dies and there is a sudden withdrawal of P 2. this leads to a loss of the lamina functionalis and sloughin go the uterine lining 1. lasts 4-5 days 3. ~25-35 ml of blood lost during this time 2. ***_implantation window_*** 1. ***_there is onlt a brief time period of endometrial receptivitty for implantation_*** 2. ***_as early as day 16 and is late as day 19_*** 1. ***_3 day window!!_*** 2. ***_this is around mid-late secretory phase of the uterine cycle_*** 3. ***_fertilization normally occurs within one day of ovulation so the effective window is less than 4 days_***

Question 52

what changes in the oviduct during the menstural cycle?

Answer 52

other changes during the menstrual cycle 1. ***_oviduct_*** 1. ***_increase the muscular and ciliary activity for egg, sperm and zygote transfer_*** 2. vagina 1. E stimulates proliferation of epithelium and increases rthe cells glycogen content 2. P increases desquamation of the epithelial cells 3. the glycogen is metabolized by the lactobacilli, and converted to lactic acid thus maintaing an acidic enviornment that is hostil to sperm 1. this also inhibits infection by non-comensal bacteria and fungi

Question 53

what does E and P have on the vagina during menstrual cycle?

Answer 53

other changes during the menstrual cycle 1. oviduct 1. increase the muscular and ciliary activity for egg, sperm and zygote transfer 2. vagina 1. E stimulates proliferation of epithelium and increases rthe cells glycogen content 2. P increases desquamation of the epithelial cells 3. the glycogen is metabolized by the lactobacilli, and converted to lactic acid thus maintaing an acidic enviornment that is hostil to sperm 1. this also inhibits infection by non-comensal bacteria and fungi

Question 54

what are the hormones that ellicit a metabolic effect during menstruation?

Answer 54

other changes during the menstrual cycle 1. oviduct 1. increase the muscular and ciliary activity for egg, sperm and zygote transfer 2. vagina 1. E stimulates proliferation of epithelium and increases rthe cells glycogen content 2. P increases desquamation of the epithelial cells 3. the glycogen is metabolized by the lactobacilli, and converted to lactic acid thus maintaing an acidic enviornment that is hostil to sperm 1. this also inhibits infection by non-comensal bacteria and fungi 3. ***_metabolic_*** 1. ***_P - increase basal body temp 1 degree c_*** 4. cervix 1. E 1. stimulates production of thin, slightly alkaline mucus that creates an ideal enviornment for sperm 2. P 1. stimulates production of scant, viscous acidic mucus that does not promote sperm growth 5. breasts 1. E 1. enhances DUCT GROWTH 2. P 1. responsible for ALVEOLAR DEVELOPMENT

Question 55

what affects do E and P hvve on the cervix during menstrual cycle?

Answer 55

other changes during the menstrual cycle 1. oviduct 1. increase the muscular and ciliary activity for egg, sperm and zygote transfer 2. vagina 1. E stimulates proliferation of epithelium and increases rthe cells glycogen content 2. P increases desquamation of the epithelial cells 3. the glycogen is metabolized by the lactobacilli, and converted to lactic acid thus maintaing an acidic enviornment that is hostil to sperm 1. this also inhibits infection by non-comensal bacteria and fungi 3. metabolic 1. P - increase basal body temp 1 degree c 4. ***_cervix_*** 1. ***_E_*** 1. ***_stimulates production of thin, slightly alkaline mucus that creates an ideal enviornment for sperm_*** 2. ***_P_*** 1. ***_stimulates production of scant, viscous acidic mucus that does not promote sperm growth_*** 5. breasts 1. E 1. enhances DUCT GROWTH 2. P 1. responsible for ALVEOLAR DEVELOPMENT

Question 56

describe what affects E and P have on the BREASTS

Answer 56

other changes during the menstrual cycle 1. oviduct 1. increase the muscular and ciliary activity for egg, sperm and zygote transfer 2. vagina 1. E stimulates proliferation of epithelium and increases rthe cells glycogen content 2. P increases desquamation of the epithelial cells 3. the glycogen is metabolized by the lactobacilli, and converted to lactic acid thus maintaing an acidic enviornment that is hostil to sperm 1. this also inhibits infection by non-comensal bacteria and fungi 3. metabolic 1. P - increase basal body temp 1 degree c 4. cervix 1. E 1. stimulates production of thin, slightly alkaline mucus that creates an ideal enviornment for sperm 2. P 1. stimulates production of scant, viscous acidic mucus that does not promote sperm growth 5. ***_breasts_*** 1. ***_E_*** 1. ***_enhances DUCT GROWTH_*** 2. ***_P_*** 1. ***_responsible for ALVEOLAR DEVELOPMENT_***

Question 57

describe the effects of E on bone

Answer 57

1. Biological effects of E and P on non reproductive tissues 2. ***_bone_*** 1. ***_epiphyseal plate closure of long bones in both sexes._*** 2. ***_estrdiol has a bone anabolic effect and calsitropic effect_*** 1. ***_E2 stimulates_*** 1. ***_intestinal Ca absorption_*** 2. ***_renal Ca reabsorption_*** 2. ***_E2 promotes bone formation_*** 1. ***_survival of osteoblasts_*** 2. ***_apoptosis of oseteoclasts_*** 3. liver 1. E improves circulating lipid profiles 1. E increases 1. LDL receptor, enhancing clearane 2. circulating levels of HDL 4. integument 1. E and P maintain skin health 1. E and P 1. collagen synthesis in the dermis and suppress matric metalloproteases 2. E 1. increase 1. glycosaminoglycan production 2. promote 1. wound healing 5. cardiovascular 1. E promotes 1. vasodilation 2. increased production of NO 2. premenopausal women have significantly lower cardiovascular disease than men orpostmenapausal women 6. CNS 1. E = neuroprotective, inhibits neronal cell death in response to hypoxia 1. E 1. positive effect on angiogenesis 2. known to block MAO, degrade seotonin 1. resulting in elevation of mood 2. P 1. acts on hypothalamus to alter thermoregualtory set-point 1. elevating body temperature 3. progestins 1. increase MAO producing depression and irritability 4. think about how the menstrual cycle can have on this cascade 7. kidney 1. P 1. competatative inhibitor of aldosterone and increases hormone sensitive lipase 8. adipose 1. lipolytic effect 2. decrease lipoprotein lipase activity and increase hormone sensitive lipase 3. loss of E results in accumulation of adipose, esp in abdominal area

Question 58

Describe the effects lf E on the liver

Answer 58

Biological effects of E and P on non reproductive tissues 1. bone 1. epiphyseal plate closure of long bones in both sexes. 2. estrdiol has a bone anabolic effect and calsitropic effect 1. E2 stimulates 1. intestinal Ca absorption 2. renal Ca reabsorption 2. E2 promotes bone formation 1. survival of osteoblasts 2. apoptosis of oseteoclasts 2. ***_liver_*** 1. ***_E improves circulating lipid profiles_*** 1. ***_E increases_*** 1. ***_LDL receptor, enhancing clearane_*** 2. ***_circulating levels of HDL_*** 3. integument 1. E and P maintain skin health 1. E and P 1. collagen synthesis in the dermis and suppress matric metalloproteases 2. E 1. increase 1. glycosaminoglycan production 2. promote 1. wound healing 4. cardiovascular 1. E promotes 1. vasodilation 2. increased production of NO 2. premenopausal women have significantly lower cardiovascular disease than men orpostmenapausal women 5. CNS 1. E = neuroprotective, inhibits neronal cell death in response to hypoxia 1. E 1. positive effect on angiogenesis 2. known to block MAO, degrade seotonin 1. resulting in elevation of mood 2. P 1. acts on hypothalamus to alter thermoregualtory set-point 1. elevating body temperature 3. progestins 1. increase MAO producing depression and irritability 4. think about how the menstrual cycle can have on this cascade 6. kidney 1. P 1. competatative inhibitor of aldosterone and increases hormone sensitive lipase 7. adipose 1. lipolytic effect 2. decrease lipoprotein lipase activity and increase hormone sensitive lipase 3. loss of E results in accumulation of adipose, esp in abdominal area

Question 59

define the effects of E and P on the skin

Answer 59

Biological effects of E and P on non reproductive tissues 1. bone 1. epiphyseal plate closure of long bones in both sexes. 2. estrdiol has a bone anabolic effect and calsitropic effect 1. E2 stimulates 1. intestinal Ca absorption 2. renal Ca reabsorption 2. E2 promotes bone formation 1. survival of osteoblasts 2. apoptosis of oseteoclasts 2. liver 1. E improves circulating lipid profiles 1. E increases 1. LDL receptor, enhancing clearane 2. circulating levels of HDL 3. ***_integument_*** 1. ***_E and P maintain skin health_*** 1. ***_E and P_*** 1. ***_collagen synthesis in the dermis and suppress matric metalloproteases_*** 2. ***_E_*** 1. ***_increase_*** 1. ***_glycosaminoglycan production_*** 2. ***_promote_*** 1. ***_wound healing_*** 4. cardiovascular 1. E promotes 1. vasodilation 2. increased production of NO 2. premenopausal women have significantly lower cardiovascular disease than men orpostmenapausal women 5. CNS 1. E = neuroprotective, inhibits neronal cell death in response to hypoxia 1. E 1. positive effect on angiogenesis 2. known to block MAO, degrade seotonin 1. resulting in elevation of mood 2. P 1. acts on hypothalamus to alter thermoregualtory set-point 1. elevating body temperature 3. progestins 1. increase MAO producing depression and irritability 4. think about how the menstrual cycle can have on this cascade 6. kidney 1. P 1. competatative inhibitor of aldosterone and increases hormone sensitive lipase 7. adipose 1. lipolytic effect 2. decrease lipoprotein lipase activity and increase hormone sensitive lipase 3. loss of E results in accumulation of adipose, esp in abdominal area

Question 60

define the effects of E on the cardiovascular system. Compare to post menapausal woman and men

Answer 60

Biological effects of E and P on non reproductive tissues 1. bone 1. epiphyseal plate closure of long bones in both sexes. 2. estrdiol has a bone anabolic effect and calsitropic effect 1. E2 stimulates 1. intestinal Ca absorption 2. renal Ca reabsorption 2. E2 promotes bone formation 1. survival of osteoblasts 2. apoptosis of oseteoclasts 2. liver 1. E improves circulating lipid profiles 1. E increases 1. LDL receptor, enhancing clearane 2. circulating levels of HDL 3. integument 1. E and P maintain skin health 1. E and P 1. collagen synthesis in the dermis and suppress matric metalloproteases 2. E 1. increase 1. glycosaminoglycan production 2. promote 1. wound healing 4. ***_cardiovascular_*** 1. ***_E promotes_*** 1. ***_vasodilation_*** 2. ***_increased production of NO_*** 2. ***_premenopausal women have significantly lower cardiovascular disease than men orpostmenapausal women_*** 5. CNS 1. E = neuroprotective, inhibits neronal cell death in response to hypoxia 1. E 1. positive effect on angiogenesis 2. known to block MAO, degrade seotonin 1. resulting in elevation of mood 2. P 1. acts on hypothalamus to alter thermoregualtory set-point 1. elevating body temperature 3. progestins 1. increase MAO producing depression and irritability 4. think about how the menstrual cycle can have on this cascade 6. kidney 1. P 1. competatative inhibitor of aldosterone and increases hormone sensitive lipase 7. adipose 1. lipolytic effect 2. decrease lipoprotein lipase activity and increase hormone sensitive lipase 3. loss of E results in accumulation of adipose, esp in abdominal area

Question 61

describe the effects of E and P on the CNS system of a female with respect to menstrual cycle

Answer 61

Biological effects of E and P on non reproductive tissues 1. bone 1. epiphyseal plate closure of long bones in both sexes. 2. estrdiol has a bone anabolic effect and calsitropic effect 1. E2 stimulates 1. intestinal Ca absorption 2. renal Ca reabsorption 2. E2 promotes bone formation 1. survival of osteoblasts 2. apoptosis of oseteoclasts 2. liver 1. E improves circulating lipid profiles 1. E increases 1. LDL receptor, enhancing clearane 2. circulating levels of HDL 3. integument 1. E and P maintain skin health 1. E and P 1. collagen synthesis in the dermis and suppress matric metalloproteases 2. E 1. increase 1. glycosaminoglycan production 2. promote 1. wound healing 4. cardiovascular 1. E promotes 1. vasodilation 2. increased production of NO 2. premenopausal women have significantly lower cardiovascular disease than men orpostmenapausal women 5. ***_CNS_*** 1. ***_E = neuroprotective, inhibits neronal cell death in response to hypoxia_*** 1. ***_E_*** 1. ***_positive effect on angiogenesis_*** 2. ***_known to block MAO, degrade seotonin_*** 1. ***_resulting in elevation of mood_*** 2. ***_P_*** 1. ***_acts on hypothalamus to alter thermoregualtory set-point_*** 1. ***_elevating body temperature_*** 3. ***_progestins_*** 1. ***_increase MAO producing depression and irritability_*** 4. ***_think about how the menstrual cycle can have on this cascade_*** 6. kidney 1. P 1. competatative inhibitor of aldosterone and increases hormone sensitive lipase 7. adipose 1. lipolytic effect 2. decrease lipoprotein lipase activity and increase hormone sensitive lipase 3. loss of E results in accumulation of adipose, esp in abdominal area

Question 62

describe the effect of E on the kidneys

Answer 62

Biological effects of E and P on non reproductive tissues 1. bone 1. epiphyseal plate closure of long bones in both sexes. 2. estrdiol has a bone anabolic effect and calsitropic effect 1. E2 stimulates 1. intestinal Ca absorption 2. renal Ca reabsorption 2. E2 promotes bone formation 1. survival of osteoblasts 2. apoptosis of oseteoclasts 2. liver 1. E improves circulating lipid profiles 1. E increases 1. LDL receptor, enhancing clearane 2. circulating levels of HDL 3. integument 1. E and P maintain skin health 1. E and P 1. collagen synthesis in the dermis and suppress matric metalloproteases 2. E 1. increase 1. glycosaminoglycan production 2. promote 1. wound healing 4. cardiovascular 1. E promotes 1. vasodilation 2. increased production of NO 2. premenopausal women have significantly lower cardiovascular disease than men orpostmenapausal women 5. CNS 1. E = neuroprotective, inhibits neronal cell death in response to hypoxia 1. E 1. positive effect on angiogenesis 2. known to block MAO, degrade seotonin 1. resulting in elevation of mood 2. P 1. acts on hypothalamus to alter thermoregualtory set-point 1. elevating body temperature 3. progestins 1. increase MAO producing depression and irritability 4. think about how the menstrual cycle can have on this cascade 6. ***_kidney_*** 1. ***_P_*** 1. ***_competatative inhibitor of aldosterone and increases hormone sensitive lipase_*** 7. adipose 1. lipolytic effect 2. decrease lipoprotein lipase activity and increase hormone sensitive lipase 3. loss of E results in accumulation of adipose, esp in abdominal area

Question 63

define the effects of E on adipose of females during menstrual. cycle

Answer 63

Biological effects of E and P on non reproductive tissues 1. bone 1. epiphyseal plate closure of long bones in both sexes. 2. estrdiol has a bone anabolic effect and calsitropic effect 1. E2 stimulates 1. intestinal Ca absorption 2. renal Ca reabsorption 2. E2 promotes bone formation 1. survival of osteoblasts 2. apoptosis of oseteoclasts 2. liver 1. E improves circulating lipid profiles 1. E increases 1. LDL receptor, enhancing clearane 2. circulating levels of HDL 3. integument 1. E and P maintain skin health 1. E and P 1. collagen synthesis in the dermis and suppress matric metalloproteases 2. E 1. increase 1. glycosaminoglycan production 2. promote 1. wound healing 4. cardiovascular 1. E promotes 1. vasodilation 2. increased production of NO 2. premenopausal women have significantly lower cardiovascular disease than men orpostmenapausal women 5. CNS 1. E = neuroprotective, inhibits neronal cell death in response to hypoxia 1. E 1. positive effect on angiogenesis 2. known to block MAO, degrade seotonin 1. resulting in elevation of mood 2. P 1. acts on hypothalamus to alter thermoregualtory set-point 1. elevating body temperature 3. progestins 1. increase MAO producing depression and irritability 4. think about how the menstrual cycle can have on this cascade 6. kidney 1. P 1. competatative inhibitor of aldosterone and increases hormone sensitive lipase 7. ***_adipose_*** 1. ***_lipolytic effect_*** 2. ***_decrease lipoprotein lipase activity and increase hormone sensitive lipase_*** 3. ***_loss of E results in accumulation of adipose, esp in abdominal area_***

Question 64

describe the HPA role of estrogen from the dominant follicle to the following statements 1. amount secreted towards the end of the follicular stage 2. effect on anterior pituitary

Answer 64

1. ***_role of estrogen from dominant follicle_*** 1. ***_E secretion by dominant follicle increases rapidly near end of follilcular stage_*** 2. ***_promotes positive feedback of anterior pituitary and senstizes it to GnRH. Signal HPA that follicular development is complete_*** 3. this induces the LH surge and ~36 hrs later ovulation takes place 4. termination of LH surge due ot loss of positive feedback of estradiol and pogesterone increases

Question 65

describe the HPA role of estrogen from the dominant follicle to the following statements 1. event 36 hrs post LH surge 2. what occurs with E and P post LH surge?

Answer 65

1. role of estrogen from dominant follicle 1. E secretion by dominant follicle increases rapidly near end of follilcular stage 2. promotes positive feedback of anterior pituitary and senstizes it to GnRH. Signal HPA that follicular development is complete 3. ***_this induces the LH surge and ~36 hrs later ovulation takes place_*** 4. ***_termination of LH surge due ot loss of positive feedback of estradiol and pogesterone increases_***

Question 66

what is the method of transport for E and P? Halflife? How is it metabolized?

Answer 66

1. ***_transport of E and P_*** 1. ***_transporters_*** 1. ***_E_*** 1. ***_60%-SHBG_*** 2. ***_20%-albumin_*** 3. ***_20%free_*** 2. ***_P_*** 1. ***_CBP_*** 2. ***_circulating T1/2_*** 1. ***_5 min_*** 3. ***_aromatization of androgens near fat tissues (breasts) increase levels of estrogen_*** 4. ***_E and P are conjugated in the liver with fulfate or glucuronide and excreted in the urine_*** 2. mechanism of action of E and P 1. pass through cell membrane 2. bind to ER or PR receptors in the cytoplasm 3. unbound receptors are complexed with chaperone proteins 4. ligand binding dissociated the receptors from the chaperones and induces dimerizaion and nuclear translocation 5. hormon-receptor complex binds the response element on DNA ot initiate transcription

Question 67

mechanism of action of E and P

Answer 67

1. transport of E and P 1. transporters 1. E 1. 60%-SHBG 2. 20%-albumin 3. 20%free 2. P 1. CBP 2. circulating T1/2 1. 5 min 3. aromatization of androgens near fat tissues (breasts) increase levels of estrogen 4. E and P are conjugated in the liver with fulfate or glucuronide and excreted in the urine 2. ***_mechanism of action of E and P_*** 1. ***_pass through cell membrane_*** 2. ***_bind to ER or PR receptors in the cytoplasm_*** 3. ***_unbound receptors are complexed with chaperone proteins_*** 4. ***_ligand binding dissociated the receptors from the chaperones and induces dimerizaion and nuclear translocation_*** 5. ***_hormon-receptor complex binds the response element on DNA ot initiate transcription_***

Question 68

what is the possible role of oxytocin during female sex act

Answer 68

role of oxytocin in female sex act 1. pituitary secretes ocytocin at time of orgasm 1. causes increased uterine contractility 1. facilitating sperma transport 2. uterine and tubual activity serve a major role in sperm transport

Question 69

what hormonal markers are the sign on menapause?

Answer 69

changesi n hormone status throughout life 1. puberty 1. transition from non-cycle-\> cyclic 2. begins about 8-9 and ends at 11-16 3. primary sex characterisitcs 1. pulsatile release of GnRH results in pulsatile LH and FSH release leading to an increase in E and androgen by ovaries 2. menarche 1. begining of menstrual cycle 4. secondary sex characteristics 1. thelarche 1. due to E 2. first dign of puberty 2. adrenarche 1. pubic hair growth 2. DHEA and androgens 5. growth spurt 1. occurs earlier in females b/c of earlier onset of GnRH release 6. metabolic actions of E 1. protein 1. anabolic 2. lipids 1. anti-lipolytic (promotes fat storage 3. stimulates epihpyseal closure 7. last step of process is maturation of HP-o-A 1. decrease in the sensitivity of gonadotrophs to feedback inhibition by E 2. menopause (climacteric) 1. signals the termination of reproductive function. End ofmenses and childbearing 2. there is a massive loss of oocytes ovet the reproductive years so that onle a few primary follicle remain at time of menopause 1. due to atresia 3. most lost due to atresia during reporductive life 4. ***_loss of functional follicles causes menopause_*** 1. ***_level of ovarian steroirds falls_*** 1. ***_E and P_*** 2. ***_gonadotropin levels rise_*** 1. ***_LH and FSH_***

Question 70

what are the changes in a female during puberty regarding the hormones and actions involved in primary and secondary sex characteristics

Answer 70

changesi n hormone status throughout life 1. ***_puberty_*** 1. transition from non-cycle-\> cyclic 2. begins about 8-9 and ends at 11-16 3. ***_primary sex characterisitcs_*** 1. ***_pulsatile release of GnRH results in pulsatile LH and FSH release leading to an increase in E and androgen by ovaries_*** 2. ***_menarche_*** 1. ***_begining of menstrual cycle_*** 4. ***_secondary sex characteristics_*** 1. ***_thelarche_*** 1. ***_due to E_*** 2. ***_first dign of puberty_*** 2. ***_adrenarche_*** 1. ***_pubic hair growth_*** 2. ***_DHEA and androgens_*** 5. growth spurt 1. occurs earlier in females b/c of earlier onset of GnRH release 6. metabolic actions of E 1. protein 1. anabolic 2. lipids 1. anti-lipolytic (promotes fat storage 3. stimulates epihpyseal closure 7. last step of process is maturation of HP-o-A 1. decrease in the sensitivity of gonadotrophs to feedback inhibition by E 2. menopause (climacteric) 1. signals the termination of reproductive function. End ofmenses and childbearing 2. there is a massive loss of oocytes ovet the reproductive years so that onle a few primary follicle remain at time of menopause 1. due to atresia 3. most lost due to atresia during reporductive life 4. loss of functional follicles causes menopause 1. level of ovarian steroirds falls 1. E and P 2. gonadotropin levels rise 1. LH and FSH

Question 71

describe the metabolic actions of E with regards to 1. protein 2. lipids 3. bones

Answer 71

changesi n hormone status throughout life 1. puberty 1. transition from non-cycle-\> cyclic 2. begins about 8-9 and ends at 11-16 3. primary sex characterisitcs 1. pulsatile release of GnRH results in pulsatile LH and FSH release leading to an increase in E and androgen by ovaries 2. menarche 1. begining of menstrual cycle 4. secondary sex characteristics 1. thelarche 1. due to E 2. first dign of puberty 2. adrenarche 1. pubic hair growth 2. DHEA and androgens 5. growth spurt 1. occurs earlier in females b/c of earlier onset of GnRH release 6. ***_metabolic actions of E_*** 1. ***_protein_*** 1. ***_anabolic_*** 2. ***_lipids_*** 1. ***_anti-lipolytic (promotes fat storage_*** 3. ***_stimulates epihpyseal closure_*** 7. last step of process is maturation of HP-o-A 1. decrease in the sensitivity of gonadotrophs to feedback inhibition by E 2. menopause (climacteric) 1. signals the termination of reproductive function. End ofmenses and childbearing 2. there is a massive loss of oocytes ovet the reproductive years so that onle a few primary follicle remain at time of menopause 1. due to atresia 3. most lost due to atresia during reporductive life 4. loss of functional follicles causes menopause 1. level of ovarian steroirds falls 1. E and P 2. gonadotropin levels rise 1. LH and FSH

Question 72

what is the last step of process in maturation of HPA axis of a female

Answer 72

changesi n hormone status throughout life 1. puberty 1. transition from non-cycle-\> cyclic 2. begins about 8-9 and ends at 11-16 3. primary sex characterisitcs 1. pulsatile release of GnRH results in pulsatile LH and FSH release leading to an increase in E and androgen by ovaries 2. menarche 1. begining of menstrual cycle 4. secondary sex characteristics 1. thelarche 1. due to E 2. first dign of puberty 2. adrenarche 1. pubic hair growth 2. DHEA and androgens 5. growth spurt 1. occurs earlier in females b/c of earlier onset of GnRH release 6. metabolic actions of E 1. protein 1. anabolic 2. lipids 1. anti-lipolytic (promotes fat storage 3. stimulates epihpyseal closure 7. ***_last step of process is maturation of HP-o-A_*** 1. ***_decrease in the sensitivity of gonadotrophs to feedback inhibition by E_*** 2. menopause (climacteric) 1. signals the termination of reproductive function. End ofmenses and childbearing 2. there is a massive loss of oocytes ovet the reproductive years so that onle a few primary follicle remain at time of menopause 1. due to atresia 3. most lost due to atresia during reporductive life 4. loss of functional follicles causes menopause 1. level of ovarian steroirds falls 1. E and P 2. gonadotropin levels rise 1. LH and FSH

Question 73

describe the day night cycle for the following with regard to LH/gonadotrophin secretions for the following 1. childhood 2. puberty 3. reproductive 4. menapause

Answer 73

changesi n hormone status throughout life 1. puberty 1. transition from non-cycle-\> cyclic 2. begins about 8-9 and ends at 11-16 3. primary sex characterisitcs 1. pulsatile release of GnRH results in pulsatile LH and FSH release leading to an increase in E and androgen by ovaries 2. menarche 1. begining of menstrual cycle 4. secondary sex characteristics 1. thelarche 1. due to E 2. first dign of puberty 2. adrenarche 1. pubic hair growth 2. DHEA and androgens 5. growth spurt 1. occurs earlier in females b/c of earlier onset of GnRH release 6. metabolic actions of E 1. protein 1. anabolic 2. lipids 1. anti-lipolytic (promotes fat storage 3. stimulates epihpyseal closure 7. last step of process is maturation of HP-o-A 1. decrease in the sensitivity of gonadotrophs to feedback inhibition by E 2. menopause (climacteric) 1. signals the termination of reproductive function. End ofmenses and childbearing 2. there is a massive loss of oocytes ovet the reproductive years so that onle a few primary follicle remain at time of menopause 1. due to atresia 3. most lost due to atresia during reporductive life 4. loss of functional follicles causes menopause 1. level of ovarian steroirds falls 1. E and P 2. gonadotropin levels rise 1. LH and FSH