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STUDY GUIDE FINAL (EXAM IV) > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Ovarian Ligament

A

anchors each ovary medially to the ureters

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2
Q

suspensory ligament

A

anchors each ovary laterally to the pelvic wall

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3
Q

broad ligament

A

supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagine
- portions of suspensory ligament and mesovarium

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4
Q

ovarian follicle

A

tiny sac-like structures embedded in the cortex

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5
Q

what does ovarian follicle contain

A

immature ova (oocytes) surrounded by:
- follicle cells
- granulosa cells

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6
Q

primordial follicle

A

single layer of follicle cells plus oocyte

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7
Q

vesicular follicle

A

s fully mature follicle in which a fluid-filled antrum has formed. the follicle bulges from the ovary surface

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8
Q

ovulation

A

Ejection of the oocyte

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9
Q

corpus luteum

A

develops from the ruptured follicle after ovulation

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10
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A
  • an oocyte is fertilized in the peritoneal cavity or in the distal uterine tube, it begins developing
  • typically results in a natural abortion with substantial bleeding
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11
Q

cervical glands

A

secrete thick mucus to block sperm from entering the cervix outside of the mid cycle time window

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12
Q

cervical cancer (slide 12)

A
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13
Q

cardinal ligament

A

extend from the cervix and superior vagina to the lateral pelvic walls

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14
Q

uterosacral ligaments

A

secure uterus to the sacrum

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15
Q

round ligament

A

binds the uterus to the anterior wall

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16
Q

uterine prolapse

A

despite ligaments, the uterus is primarily supported by the pelvis floor

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17
Q

3 layers of uterine wall (be prepared to label slide 14)

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

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18
Q

perimetrium

A

outermost, serous layer (visceral peritoneum)

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19
Q

myometrium

A

bulky middle layer, consists of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
- provides the powerful rhythmic contractions needed for childbirth

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20
Q

endometrium

A

mucosal lining
- simple columnar epithelium atop a thick lamina propria
- a fertilized egg burrows into the endometrium and resides there during development

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21
Q

the endometrium has two chief layers called strata, what are they

A

stratum finctionalis
stratum basalis

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22
Q

stratum finctionalis

A

the functional layer
- changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles
- is shed during menstruation

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23
Q

stratum basalis

A

the basal layer
- forms a new stratum functionalis after menstruation
- is not responsive to ovarian hormones

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24
Q

which layer of endometrium is sloughed off during menstrual flow

A

stratum functionalis

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25
perineum
diamond shaped region between the public symphysis, coccyx, and the bilateral ischial tuberosities
26
glandular alveoli
mil-producing structures
27
what structure carries milk to the nipples
milk is passed into lactiferous ducts and then into lactiferous sinus - sinus opens to the external body surface at the nipple
28
3 things that can increase a women's risk for breast cancer
- family history - genetic mutation - early puberty - late menopause - no or delayed pregnancies
29
what is the screening for breast cancer
mammogram
30
when does oogenesis begine
in the fetal period
31
at birth, a female infant has a lifetime supply of...
primary oocytes
32
what does it mean to be the dominant follicle
the dominant follicle resume meiosis I and creates 2 haploid cells - 1 secondary oocyte, 1st polar body
33
secondary oocyte
large cell with almost all the parent cell's cytoplasm and organelles
34
1st polar body
very small cell - almost devoid of cytoplasm
35
what happens if a secondary oocyte is fertilized
it completes meiosis II creating 1 ovum and a 2nd polar body
36
what happens if a secondary oocyte is not fertilized
it deteriorates
37
how long is a typical ovarian cycle
28 days
38
what are the two phases of the ovarian cycle
- follicular phase - luteal phase
39
follicular phase
days 1-14; period of vesicular follicle growth
40
luteal phase
days 14-28; period of corpus luteum activity
41
primordial follicles
1st follicle to develop in a female fetus
42
primary follicle
primordial follicles become primary follicles through oocyte enlargment and a change in the shape of the surrounding cells - squamous to cuboidal
43
secondary follicle
primary follicles become secondary follicles when follicular cells proliferate to form stratified epithelium around the oocyte
44
vesicular follicle
a secondary follicle becomes a vesicular follicle when a clear fluid-filled cavity called the antrum forms - a vesicular follicle bulges from the external ovary surface and is ready to be ovulated
45
which hormone stimulates development of the follicles
rising levels of follicle stimulating hormone
46
what causes selection of the dominant follicle
FSH level drop
47
what hormone stimulates the rupturing of the ovarian wall
rising levels of luteinizing hormone
48
review slide 36-38
49
uterine (menstrual cycle)
series of cyclic changes in the endometrium - changes occur in response to fluctuating ovarian hormones levels
50
3 phases of the uterine cycle
- menstrual phase - proliferative (preovulatory) phase - secretory (postovulatory) phase
51
menstrual phase
days 1-5 - ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels - gonadotropin levels begin to rise - stratum functionalis detaches from the uterine wall and is shed - flow of menstrual blood and tissue lasts 3-5 days - by day 5, growing ovarian follicles start to produce more estrogen
52
proliferative (preovulatory) phase
days 6-14 - rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis - layer thickens, glands enlarge, spiral arteries increase in number - estrogen increases the synthesis of progesterone receptors within the endometrium - normally thick, sticky cervical mucus is thinned out to facilitate the passage of sperm - ovulation occurs day 14
53
secretory (postovulatory) phase
days 15-28 - phase that is most consistent in duration - endometrium is prepared for possible implantation - rising progesterone levels from the corpus luteum prompt - endometrial glands to enlarge and secrete nutrients - formation of a cervical mucus plug to block entry of more sperm, pathogens, debris
54
if fertilization does not occur
- corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone levels fall - spiral arteries kink and spasm - endometrial cells die, and glands regress - spiral arteries constrict and then open wide - blood rushed into the weakened capillary beds - blood vessels fragment, the functional layer sloughs off
55
amenorrhea
cessation of menstruation
56
leptin
hormone that plays a critical, permissive role in the onset of puberty
57
what's the role between estrogen and bone health
once estrogens levels drop and the menstrual cycle stops, bone loss begins- can lead to osteoporosis
58
effects of estrogen
- promote oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovaries - exert anabolic effects on the female reproductive tract - support rapid, short-lived growth spurts at puberty - induce secondary sex characteristics - growth of breasts and subcutaneous deposits of fat in the hips - widening + lightening of pelvis
59
metabolic effects of estrogen
- maintain low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels - facilities calcium uptake and sustains bone density
60
effects of progesterone
- works with estrogen to establish and regulate the uterine cycle - promotes changes in cervical mucus - inhibits uterine motility during pregnancy - prepares breaths for lactation
61
determination of genetic sex
- 23rd pair of chromosomes in a fertilized egg are the sex chromosomes - X chromosomes are large compared to Y chromosomes - XX: female; XY: male
62
which parent determines genetic sex of offspring
sperm
63
SRY gene
single gene on the Y chromosome that determines maleness by initiating development of testes
64
nondisjunction
abnormal distribution of any chromosomes to the gametes - abnormal distribution of the sex chromosomes can cause abnormalities in the development of the reproductive systems
65
systems of declining estrogen levels
- atrophy of the reproductive organs and breasts - irritability and depression - hot flashes - intense Vasodilation of the skin's blood vessels - gradual thinning of skin and bone loss - increased total blood cholesterol levels and falling HDL
66
Turner's syndrome
females with only 1 X chromosomes - never develop ovaries; at risk for shorter stature, learning challenges, and heart defects
67
Klinefelter's syndrome
males with 2+ X chromosomes and 1 Y chromosome - results in sterility; at risk for learning challenges
68
the presence or absence of which hormone determines sexual differentiation
in the absence of testosterone, female ducts and external genitalia will develop

STUDY GUIDE FINAL (EXAM IV) (4 decks)

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