Female Reproductive System Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
What are the three stages of female puberty? TPM
A
- Thelarche-Brest development
- Pubarche- Pubic and axillary hairs
- Menarche-First menstral period
2
Q
when do females begin ovulating regularly?
A
about a year after menarche
3
Q
Define Climacteric.
What follows it
A
(period of decreased hormone secretion)
followed by menopause
4
Q
When does climacteric begin?
A
When a female has about 1000 follicles left
5
Q
What is menopause and when is it official?
A
A complete cessation of menstrual cycles official after no menstrual cycle for a year
6
Q
What is the reproductive cycle?(Female)
A
the sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth and returning to pertility
7
Q
What is the sexual cycle? (Fmale)
A
events that recur every month when
pregnancy does not intervene
8
Q
What are the two cycles within the sexual cycle?
A
The ovarian cycle and the menstral cycle
9
Q
What is the ovarian cycle?
A
The production of eggs (oogenesis) and the production of follicles around it (Folliculogenesis)
10
Q
What are the three main phases of Oogenesis?
A
- Embyonic development
- Resuming of development in adolescence
- Oocyte is ovulated
11
Q
What occurs during Embryonic development in oogenesis?
A
- Germ cells differentiate into oogonia and multiply via mitosis
- Begin meitosis but pause in the first round as a primary oocyte.
12
Q
What occurs onces egg development resumes during oogenesis?
A
- Around 24 oocytes a month are stimulated by FSH to complete meiosis 1.
- secondary oocyte continues meiosis until metaphase II
13
Q
What are the final products of primary oocyte meiosis 1?
A
- A secondary oocyte
- First polar body
14
Q
What occurs during secondary oocyte ovulation?
A
- If it is not fertilized it dies
- if fertilized it completes meiosis II and casts off second polar body
15
Q
What occurs during Folliculogenesis Embryonic development
A
- Primordial follicles form around primary oocytes(paused in meiosis I)
- Simple squamish in cortex
16
Q
What point do Recruted primordial follicles become primary follicles?
A
140 days into the cycle
17
Q
What are the characteristics of a primary follicle?
A
- Contains a secondary oocyte
- Single layer of cuboidal cells
- Develops FSH receptors
18
Q
What controls the growth of primary follicles?
A
FSH
19
Q
When are secondary follicles formed?
A
170 days into cycle
about 6 menstrual cycles from ovulation
20
Q
What are the three main characteristics of a Secondary follicle? MZT
A
- Multi-layered granulosa cells
- Zona pellucida layer of gel forms around the oocyte
- Theca folliculi connective tissue forms a husk around the follicle
21
Q
What are the two layers of the theca folliculi?
A
- The theca externa
- the theca interna
22
Q
What is the function of the theca folliculi?
A
- outter layer delivers nutrients, hormones, and cholesterol
- inner layer produces androgens from the delivered cholesterol(makes estrogen)
23
Q
When do secondary follicles become tertiary follicles?
A
60 days before ovulation
24
Q
What are the characteristics of tertiary follicles?
A
- Large antrums of follicular fluid
- presence of a cumulus oophorus
25
What is the function of the cumulus oophorus?
It is a mound that surrounds the oocyte and secures it to pace
26
What is the function of the corona radiata and what follicle stage is it found in?
- Inner layer of the cumulus
| - Forms a protective layer similar to the blood-testis barrier
27
When do mature (graafian) follicles form?
20 days before ovulation they begin to captur FSH and grow
| -normally only one tertuary follicle becomes mature
28
What is the average length of the sexual cycle?
28 days
29
What is the basic hierarchy of hormonal control of the sexual cycle
– Hypothalamus> pituitary >ovaries >uterus
30
The first two weeks of the sexual cycle are called the ____ because...
-follicular phase
| Follicles are growing a one becomes mature
31
What occurs in the uterus during the follicular phase of the sexual cycle?
Menstruation during the first 3-5 days
32
What occurs on day 14 of the sexual cycle?
ovulation
33
The phase of the sexual cycle after ovulation is called?
The luteal phase
34
What occurs during the luteal phase of the sexual cycle?
- The graafian follicle becomes a corpus luteum
| - Corpus luteum stimulates the secretion and thickening of the endometrium
35
What occurs during the luteal phase of the sexual cycle if pregnancy does not occur?
- The endometrium breaks down due to decreased stimulation from Corpus Luteum
- menstruation begins and the cycle resets
36
What occurs in the ovarian cycle during the follicular phase?
- FSH stimulates follicle growth
- FSH stimulates production of estradiol in the follicles and a dominate one is picked
- Dominate follicle up-regulates receptors for FSH, LH, and estradiol
- Other follicles die
37
How does the dominant follicle survive when others die
It developed extra receptors for hormones as well as a rich blood supply.
38
What hormone does estradiol inhibit to cause the death of the non dominant follicles?
It inhibits GnRH which in tern inhibits FSH causing those without extra receptors to atrophy
39
What two hormones spike to induce ovulation?
LH and FSH
40
What events occur leading up to ovulation that are induced by LH
- Primary oocyte matures by completing meiosis 1 producing secondary oocyte
- Follicle swells
- WBC's weeken the wall of the follicle
- Ovulation occurs
41
What becomes of the graafian follicle after ovulation?
It becomes a corpus luteum
42
What is the function of the corpus luteum?
-Secretes estrogen and estradiol under the control of LH
43
What is the function of the estradiol produced by the corpus luteum?
to prepare the uterus for pregancy
44
What caused the corpus luteum to shrink and stop producing hormones?
Estradiol and progesterone inhibit FSH and LH
| - The LH was maintaining the Corp. Lut.
45
Once the corpus luteum is fully involuted it becomes a ___
corpus albicans
46
What is the menstrual cycle?
Buildup of endometrium during most of the sexual cycle, followed
by its breakdown and vaginal discharge
47
What are the four phases of the menstrual cycle?
- Proliferative
- Secretory
- Premenstrual
- Menstrual
48
Day one of the sexual cycle is visibly defined by___
The first noticeable vaginal discharge
49
What is the length of the average menstrual phase?
5 days
50
What occurs during the proliferative stage of the menstrual cycle?
-Endometrium thickens in response to increased estrogen.
51
What occurs during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
- The endometrium thickens even more because due to progesterone from corp. lute
- coiled Endometrial glands produce glycogen
- makes perfect environment for embryo
52
What occurs during the premenstrual cycle of the menstrual cycle?
- Endometrium begins to degrade since Corp lute is involuted and progesteron levels fall.
- spasmotic contractions occur
- Interupts blood flow to endometrium
- necrosis occurs and blood accumulates
53
What occurs during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?
-Menstrual fluid(blood and serous fluid) is discharged from vagina
54
What does menstrual fluid contain to prevent clotting?
Fibrinolysin
55
What occurs during the excitement and plateau phase of female sexual response?
- Uterus stand up
- Erectile tissue engorges
- Serous fluid from vagina lubricates
- Greater vestibular gland secretes lubrication
56
What occurs during female orgasm?
- Rise in HR, BP, and respirations
- Vaginal contractions
- Cervix plunges into vagina
- Uterine paristaltic contractions ocur
57
What occurs during the resolution phase of the female sexual response?
Everything returns to normal
58
What is the average length of gestation in human females? (DAYS)
266 fomr conception to birth
59
When does the gestational calendar begin?
The first day of the woman's last menstrual cycle
60
How long after the LMP is birth bredicted?
280 days (40 weeks)
61
What is the conceptus?
All products of conception
62
What is a blastocyte?
before it is an embryo-the first two weeks. Is a hollow ball
63
What is an embryo?
Day 16 to week 8 of pregnancy
64
What is a fetus?
Beginning of week 9 to birth
65
What is a neonate?
Newborn to 6 weeks
66
What is the strongest influence on pregnancy?
Hormones
67
What are the four main hormones of pregnancy?
- Progestrone
- Estrogens
- Human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG)
- Human chorionic somatomammotropin(HCS)
68
Where do nearly all of the hormones of pregnancy come from?
The placenta?
69
Before the placenta what is the main hormone producing body during pregnancy? What weeks does the corpus luteum begin to degrade?
The corpus luteum
| weeks 7-17
70
What is the function of HCG?
Takes over for LH to sustain the corpus luteum
71
What are the two things that secrete HCG?
The placenta and the blastocyte
72
What is the hormone detected by at home pregnancy tests?
HCG
| 8-9 days after conception
73
What is the role of estrogens during pregnancy?
Induces tissue growth in fetus and mother and relaxes pubic symphysis
74
What are the roles of progesterone during pregnancy?
- Supresses FSH and LH to prevent follicular development
- Supresses uterine contractions
- Increase the availability of nutrients for the blastocyte
- Stimulates development of acini
75
What is the role of HCS during pregnancy?
- Similar effects to growth hormone but weeker
| - reduces mothers insulin sensitivity and glucose leaving more for the fetus
76
How is the mothers motabolism increased during pregnancy?
pregnancy hormones increases the size of the thyroid
77
What are the noticeable changes in the digestive system during pregnancy?
- Nausea,
- constipation, due to reduced intestional motility
- heartburn due to pressure in esophagus
78
By how much does the BMR of a pregnant female raise in the second half of pregnancy?
15%
79
What are the four nutriends in the highest demand during pregnancy?(excluding glucose)
Protein, iron, calcium, phosphates
80
Why is vitamin K given to women in late pregnancy?
To promote prothrombin synthesis and minimize the risk of neonatal hemmorage
81
What does folic acid reduce the risk of if taken before and during pregnancy?
Neurological fetal disorders like spina bifida and anencephaly
82
What changes occur in the circulatory system during pregnancy?
increased blood volume and cardiac output from mother to support the needs of the placenta
83
Why are pregnant woman prone to varicose veins, edema, and hemorrhoids
Due to the pressure that the uterus puts on the large pelvic blood vessels
84
What changes occur within the respiratory system during pregnancy?
-Tidal volume and minutre ventilation increase to meet the demands of oxygen as well as due to the increase in Chemoreceptor sensitivity
85
Why is it important that pregants women have lower blood CO2 levels?
CO2 levels need to be lower than the fetus or diffusion will not occur and fetal blood will become toxic
86
What changes to the urinary system occur during pregnancy?
- Increased aldosterone levels cause salt retention
- GFR goes up increasing urine production
- Bladder capacity is reduced
87
What does the fetus do around month 7?
Begins to turn to a head down position
88
How is the fetus a passive player in its own birth?
-Chemical stimulation from the fetus caused contractions
89
What causes braxton hicks contractions?
- Estradiol causes contractions but is inhibited by progesterone
- Become stronger as progesterone levels begin to drop in late pregnancy
90
What causes the initiation of true contractions in pregnancy?
The increase of OT from the pituitary gland and plecenta
91
What are the effects of OT during pregnancy?
- Direcct stimulation of the myometrium
| - Stimulates fetal membranes to produce synergistic (to OT) prostaglandins
92
What is paturition?
The process of giving birth?
93
Why does stretching of the uterus cause contractions?
Because it consists of smooth muscle and when smooth muscle is stretched it responds by contacting
94
Explain the positive feedback theory of labor.
- induced by stretching of cervix
- Triggers reflex contraction of uterus
- Pushes fetus downward
- Stretches cervix more
- Cycle repeats
95
Cervical stretching induces a _____ reflex that eventully releases ____
- Neuroendocrine
| - OT
96
What are the three stages of labor?
- Dilation
- expulsion
- Placental stage
97
What is primipara?
First time giving birth
98
What is multipara?
any birth after the first time giving birth
99
What occurs during the Dilation stage of labor and how long does it last?
- lasts 8-24 hours
- Dilation of cervical canal to 10cm(the size of fetal head)
- Thinning of cervix
- Rupture of fetal membranes and loss of amniotic fluid
100
What occurs during the expulsion stage of labor?
-Entry of head into vagina to expulsion of baby
| Lasts 30-60 minutes
101
What is crowning?
When the baby's head is visable
102
What does the attendant do after expulsion of neonate?
Drains blood from umbilical vein and clamps it
103
What occurs during the placental stage of lobor?
- Placenta is expelled
| - Placenta is inspected to insure complete expulsion of afterbirth
104
What is the puerperium phase of pregnancy?
- first 6 weeks postpartum
| - Females anatomy and physiology return to normal
105
How does brest-feeding affect puerperium?
Promotes the involution of the uterus by suppressing estrogen and stimulating oxytocin
106
What is lactation?
The synthesis and ejection of milk from the mammory glands
107
How long does/can lactation last?
as little as 1 week if not breast feeding to years if actively feeding
108
What are the main influences of mammary development?
- High estrogen levels cause growth in ducts of M. Glands
| - Progesterone stimulates growth of acini
109
What is colostrum?
-A substance similar to milk that is produced in late pregnancy
110
Why is colostrum an important nutrition source?
It contains IgA antibodies to protect baby from gastroenteritis
111
What hormone promotes milk systhesis?
prolactin
112
What hormone inhibits prolactin?
Dopamine when not pregnant
113
When does prolactin synthesis begin?
5 weeks into pregnancy
114
How to prolactin levels fluctuate postpartum?
- Drop to nonpregnancy levels
| - Levels jump 10 to 20 times normal for an hour after infant nursing
115
Why is it difficult for women to become pregnant while breast-feeding?
Breast-feeding inhibits GnRH and reduces ovarian cycling
116
What type of reflex controls milk ejection?
A neuroendocrine reflex
117
What action triggers milk ejection?
- infant suckling causes neuroendocrine reflex
- this releases OT
- OT contracts epithelial cells around acinus
- 30 to 60 seconds till flow
118
What is meconium?
The first fecal maternal of a newborn. Green from bile
119
How much milk can nursing women produce?
1.5 L a day
