Male reproductive System Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
What are gametes?
A
Sexual cells
2
Q
When the two types of gametes combine they form a ___
A
zygote-fertilized egg
3
Q
gametes produced by males are called
A
Sperm (spermatozoon)
4
Q
Gamets produced by females are called?
A
Eggs (ovum)
5
Q
Females are lacking a ___ chromosome
A
Y
6
Q
The functions of the male reproduction system is to___
A
produce sperm and introduce it into the female body
7
Q
The function of the female reproduction system is to ___
A
receive sperm from male, provides for the union of gametes, harbors fetus, and nourishes offspring
8
Q
The male copulatory organ is the___
A
penis
9
Q
The female copulatory organ is the___
A
Vagina
10
Q
What are the male primary sex organs?
A
Testies
11
Q
What are the female sex organs?
A
Ovaries
12
Q
What are secondary sex organs?
A
Organs other than gonads that are necessary for reproduction
13
Q
What are the female secondary sex organs? their collective function?
A
- Uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina
- collectively receive sperm and harbor developing fetus
14
Q
What are the male secondary sex organs? their collective function?
A
- system of ducts,
- glands;
- penis delivers sperm cells
15
Q
What are secondary sex characteristics?
A
Features that distinguish the sexes and influence mate attraction
16
Q
When do secondary sex characteristics develop?
A
during puberty
17
Q
What are secondary sex characteristics unique to males?
A
- Facial hair
- coarse visible hair on torso and limbs
- muscular physique
18
Q
What are secondary sex characteristics unique to females?
A
- Distribution of body fat
- breast enlargement
- Hairless appearance of the skin
19
Q
Our cells contain ___ pairs of chromosomes
A
23
20
Q
How many pairs of chromosomes determine sex?
A
1 pair
21
Q
XX chromosomes produce___
XY chromosomes produce ____
A
- Females
- Males
22
Q
All eggs carry a ___ chromosome
Sperm carry both X and Y and a ___ ratio
A
- X
- 50/50
23
Q
Sex of a child is determined by____
A
the type of sperm that fertilizes the egg
24
Q
How long into the pregnancy do gonads begin to develop?
A
5-6 weeks
25
What gene found in males initiates the development of testes?
the SRY gene
26
What point during development does the male embryo begin producing testosterone?
8-9 weeks
27
Female development of a fetus occurs whenever the is an absence of ___ not because of the presence of ___
- Androgen hormones
| - Estrogen
28
The glands of the penis/clitoris form from the ___ in embryonic development
Genital tubercle
29
The glands of the body of the penis/labia minora form from the ___ in embryonic development
Urogenital folds
30
The glands of the scrotum or labia majora form from the ___ in embryonic development
Labioscrotal folds
31
The penis is homologous to the ___
Clitoris
32
The scrotum is homologous to the___
Labia majora
33
At what point during development are the genitalia distinctly formed?
week 12
34
Where do gonads initially develop?
High in the abdominal cavity
35
Where do male gonads migrate to?
the scrotum
36
Where do female gonads migrate to?
The pelvic cavity
37
What is gubernaculum?
embryonic connective tissue cord extending from gonad to pelvic cavity floo
38
What is the vaginal process?
fold of peritoneum that extends into the scrotum
39
What is the Inguinal canal?
: pathway of low resistance through the groin created by gubernaculum and vaginal process
40
Where is the most common site of hernias in males?
the inguinal canal
41
How early does the decent of the testes begin?
as early as 6 weeks
42
What point during development do the testes finish their descent into the scrotum?
Month 7
43
The external genitalia of males are___
the penis and scrotum
44
What is the medial seam on scrotum surface that marks location of median septum
Perineal raphe
45
What temperature does sperm production occur at?
35 degrees Celsius
46
What three mechanisms regulate the temperature of the testes?
- The cremaster muscle:contracts to draw testes up
- The dartos fascia:wrinkles to hold agains warm body
- Pampiniform plexus: remove body heat via venous surface area
47
The testes are covered laterally by the___
Tunica vaginalis
48
What is the white fibrous capsule on the testies?
The tunica albuginea
49
Connective tissue divides the testes into ______
200-300 wedge shaped lobes
50
After sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules where does it go next?
Through the rete testis
51
What allows sperm to flow from the testes
Fluid produced by nurse cells not the flagella on the sperm
52
Sperm only swim___
when they are outside of the male reproductive tract
53
What are the two main cell types within the seminiferous tubules?
- A germinal epithelium of germ cells becoming sperm
| - nurse cells
54
What is the function of nurse cells within the seminiferous tubules?
- Protect germ cells
- promote development of germ cells
- Provide nutrients, waste removal, growth factors
- produce fluid that allows sperm to be transported from the tubules
55
What cells within the testes produce testosterone?
the interstitial endocrine cells
56
What are the two main functions of the epididymis?
- Site of sperm maturation
| - site of storage
57
What type of innervtion does the Ductus deferens have?
sympathetic
58
What are the three male accessory glands
- The seminal vesicles
- The prostate
- the bulbourethral glands
59
What is the function of the seminal vesicles?
Forms 60% of semen
60
What is the function of the prostate?
Produces a thin milky secretion that makes up 30% of semen
61
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?
- Produce pre-ejaculate during sexual arrousal
| - This neutralizes the acidity of the urethra
62
What is the average age of puberty in males?
10-12 years
63
What is the average age of puberty in females?
8-10
64
What defines adolescence?
period from onset of gonadotropin
| secretion and reproductive development to when a person attains full adult height
65
What defines puberty
first few years of adolescence, until the
first menstrual period in girls or the first ejaculation
of viable sperm in boys
66
What triggers the onset of puberty in males?
GnRH begins to be secreted in late childhood once the hypothalamus matures
67
What is the hormone pathways that results in the beginning of testosterone production?
- GnRH stimulates the release of LH (also know as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone(ICSH))
- This stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
68
What hormone pathway leads to the production of sperm?
- GnRH also stimulates FSH
- FSH causes nurse cells to release androgen binding protein
- Testosterone stimulates spermogenisis in the presence of androgen binding protein
69
How do nurse cells reduce sperm production without reducing testosterone?
- Via the hormone inhibin
| - inhibin inhibits FSH thus reducing the amount of ABP produce by the nurse cells
70
How do testosterone levels regulate themselves?
Via a negative feedback loop which inhibits GnRH
71
Other than sperm production, what are the effects of testosterone in puberty?
- The development of secondary sex organs and characteristics
- Increased libido
72
What is the role of testosterone during aging in males?
-It sustains the male reproductive tract, sperm production and libido
73
What are the two forms of cell division?
Mitosis and Meiosis
74
What is Mitosis?
When a body cell doubles its DNA and then divides to produce two genetically identical
daughter cells
75
What are the four stages of Mitosis? PMAT
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
76
What is Meiosis?
Cell division that produces four gametes (haploid cells), each with only half the DNA of the diploid body cells
77
Before prophase in mitosis what is occuring inside the cell?
The DNA is Duplicated and produce sister chromatids
78
What occurs during mitosis prophase?
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
79
What occurs during mitosis metaphase?
Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate
80
What occurs during mitosis anaphase?
Sister chromatid's separate at centromere
81
What occurs during mitosis telophase?
Cytokinesis occurs
82
What is the final product of mitosis?
two identical daughter cells
83
How many phases are there in Meiosis?
8, sames phases of mitosis just doubled
84
What occurs during meiosis prophase 1?
Chromatins condense into homologue chromosome pairs called tetrads
85
What occurs during meiosis Metaphase 1?
- Homologue chromosomes line up
| - Some cross over and trade DNA
86
What occurs during Meiosis anaphase 1?
Homologue chromosomes separate
87
What occurs during meiosis telephase 1?
A new nuclear envelope forms and cells undergo cytokinesis
88
What occurs during meiosis prophase 2?
No duplication, chromosomes are only 2 cromatids
89
What occurs during meiosis metaphase 2?
Chromosomes line up
90
What occurs during meiosis anaphase 2?
sister chromatids separate
91
What occurs during meiosis telophase 2?
Cytokinesis occurs with the end product being 4 haploid cells with single stranded chromosomes
92
Spermatogonia divide by ____
Mitosis
93
What are the products When spermatogonia divide via mitosis?
- Type A spermatogonium
| - Type B spermatogonium
94
What is the function of a Type A spermatogonium?
To remain in the tubule wall as a stem cell
95
What is the function of a type B spermatogonium?
To migrate away from the wall and begin producing sperm
96
What becomes of the type B spermatogonium?
It enlarges and becomes a Primary spermatocyte
97
What is the function of the primary spermatocyte?
To under go meiosis 1 to produce 2secondary spermatocytes
98
What is the function of the secondary spermatocyte?
To undergo meiosis 2 and produce 2 spermatids
99
Once spermatids are produced what is the next step?
They undergo spermiogenesis----transformations and differentiate into spermatozoa(sperm)
100
What are the three main transformations that a spermatid undergoes to become a spermatozoa?
- Gain a flagellum
- Gain an acrosome
- Lose excess cytoplasm
101
How are sperm protected form our immune system( since they are genetically different)?
They are surrounded by nurse cells throughout the process of spermiogenesis. The nurse cells protect them from the blood-testis barrier via tight junctions
102
What are the two parts of a spermatozoon?
The head and tail
103
What is within the head of the spermatozoon?
- The nucleus
| - the Acrosome
104
What is the function of the acrosome of a spermatozoon?
enzyme cap over the apical half of the nucleus that contains enzymes that penetrate the egg
105
What are the three regions of the tail of a spermatozoon? along with the general function.
1. Midpiece-Coontains mitochondria and produces ATP for flagellar movement
2. principal piece- main body
3. endpiece- tip
106
What is the gross composition of semen?
- 60% seminal fluid
- 30% prostatic fluid
- 10% sperm
107
What is contained within prostatic fluid? CCIP
Milky white
- Citrate
- Clotting enzyme
- Ion buffers
- Prostate-specific antigen: dissolves clot so sperm can continue journey
108
What is contained within Seminal fluid?
Yellow
- Fructose-nutrient source
- Prostaglandins-Thin mucus plug and stimulate revurse peristalsis
- Proteins for clotting
109
What are the four phases of coitus (male)?
1. excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
- Usually with ejaculation
4. resolution
110
What are the two main sources of stimuli to initate the excitment phase?(male)
- Touch
| - Vision(or dreams)
111
excitement Stimuli from touch enter the sacral spinal cord via ____ (male)
The internal pudendal nerve
112
excitement Stimuli from vision(or dreams) enter the sacral spinal cord via ____ (male)
the brain
113
Once excitement stimuli is received what occurs next? (results in erection)(male)
- Parasymapthetic fibers in pelvic nerve stimulate release of nitric oxide
- Nitric oxide relaxes deep arteries in corpora cavernosa and relaxes the lacunae
- Lacunae fill and cause an erection
114
What occurs during the plateau phase?(male)
- Respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressures are raised and sustained
- few seconds to few minutes before phase 3
115
What occurs during the orgasm phase?(male)
-Short intense reaction that usually results in an ejaculation
116
What are the two phases of ejaculation?
-Emission and expulsion
117
What occurs during the emmission phase of ejaculation (male)?
Lumbar sympathetic fibers cause:
- Peristalisis of vas defferens
- Secretions from prostate and seminal vesicles
118
What occurs during the expulsion phase of ejaculation?
-Semen enter urethra and activate somatic and sympathetic reflexes
119
What are the somatic efferents of the expulsion phase of ejaculation?(male)
Contraction of the bulbocavernosa muscle to expell sperm
120
What are the sympathetic efferents of the expulsion phase of ejaculation?(male)
- Contraction of the internal urethral sphincter so urine and semen dont mix
- Additional secretions are added
121
What occurs during the resolution phase? (male)
- Blood flow reduced
- flaccidity occurs
- resp. and heart rate return to normal
- refractory period inhibits erection for minutes to hours
122
How is erectile dysfunction treated?
- NO activates cGMP which causes blood flow to penis
- ED drugs inhibit the breakdown of cGMP by PDE5
- This increases the amount of available cGMP and allows for and erection
