Female Reproductive System Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
similarities between male and female
A
- primary sex organs called gonads
- glands produce sex cells called gametes
- ducts to transport gametes from monads to site of fertilization
2
Q
perineum
A
- diamond amped region between highs with boundaries of pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosity, coccyx
- anteriorly: urogenital triangle (ischial tuberosity and pubic symphysis)
- posteriorly: anal triangle (ischial tuberosity, and coccyx)
3
Q
female reproductive organs
A
- primary sex organs are ovaries
- accessory:
- uterine (Fallopian) tubes
- uterus
- vagina
- mammary glands
4
Q
anatomy of female reproductive system
A
- 2 major dead end recesses or pouches are formed from peritoneal folds around pelvic organs
1) vesicouterine pouch: anterior space between uterus and bladder
2) rectouterin pouch: posterior space between uterus and rectum
5
Q
ovaries
A
- paired, oval organs, slightly larger than almond
- anchored within pelvic cavity by several folds of peritoneum
- borad ligament
- ovarian ligament: anchors ovaries to uterus
- suspensory ligament: anchors entire structure out to lateral wall
6
Q
structure of ovary
A
- surrounded by epithelial layer of simple cuboidal cells called germinal epithelium
- deep to germinal epithelium is connective tissue capsule called tunica albuginea (outer white layer)
- deep to tunica albuginea very is divided into outer cortex and inner medulla
- cortex has ovarian follicles
- medulla has connective tissues, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
7
Q
ovarian follicles
A
- in cortex is thousands of ovarian follicles
- follicles have and oocyte surrounded by follicle cells
- born with as many oocytes as you will have your whole life
- different types of ovarian follicles represent stages of development
- ovulation is halfway through cycle, when oocyte breaks out of follicle cell and leave uterus ~day 14
8
Q
stages of follicle development
A
- primordial follicle
- primary follicle
- secondary follicle
- vesicular follicle
- corpus luteum
- corpus albicans
9
Q
primordial follicle
A
- most primitive, has primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of simple squamous cells
- waiting for hormonal signal to develop
10
Q
primary follicle
A
- primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of stratified cuboidal cells
11
Q
secondary follicle
A
- primary oocyte, many layers of granulose cells, a fluid-filled space called antrum
- atrium has serous fluid that increases in volume as ovulation nears
- 2 protective structures surround primary oocyte
1) zona pellucida: closer to oocyte (internal)
2) corona radiata: further from oocyte (external) - allow oocyte to change grow and develop
12
Q
vesicular follicle
A
- mature follicle or Graafian follicle
- has secondary oocyte surrounded by zone pellucid and corona radiate, an enlarged antrum, many layers of follicle cells
- antrum gets so big it bursts and oocyte leaves follicle
13
Q
corpus luteum
A
- following rupture of vesicular follicle and expulsion of oocyte, remnants of follicle become corpus luteum
- it secretes progesterone (pregnancy and gestation) and estrogen (growth of uterine endometrium)
14
Q
corpus albicans
A
- when corpus lute regresses it turns into a white connective tissue scar
- stops producing estrogen and progesterone
15
Q
mitosis
A
- diploid
- 2n
- 46—>46
- most cells in body
16
Q
meiosis
A
- turns diploid into haploid
- n
- 46—>23
- sex cells, important in preserving genetic number
17
Q
uterine (Fallopian) tubes
A
- extend laterally from both sides of uterus
- secondary oocyte usually fertilized in later part
- usually takes embryo 3 days to travel length of uterine tube and reach lumen of uterus
- tubes are 10-12 cm in length covered by mesosalpinx (part of board ligament)
18
Q
regions of uterine tubes
A
- infundibulum
- ampulla
- isthmus
- uterine part
19
Q
infundibulum
A
- lateral opening of the tube encircles by fingerlike projections called fimbriae
- has cilia, makes current for egg to travel
20
Q
ampulla
A
- extended region medial to infundibulum where fertilization occurs
- curve
21
Q
isthmus
A
- just medial to ampulla and represents about 1/3 of entire length of uterine tube
22
Q
uterine part
A
- interstitial segment
- continuous with uterus
- where they join
23
Q
wallof uterine tubes
A
3 layers
1) mucosa: ciliated columnar epithelial cells, they beat so egg moves in controlled way in proper direction
2) muscularis: inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
3) serosa/adventitia: external serous membrane covering uterine tube
24
Q
uterus
A
- pear shaped thick-walled muscular organ in pelvic cavity
- possesses a lumen that in continuous with the uterine tubes superolaterally and to the vagina inferiorly
- angled anterosuperiorly across superior surface of bladder, and normal position referred to as anteverted
- is positioned posterosuperiorly, projecting toward rectum, that abnormal position is called retroverted, can cause issues and will be monitored during pregnancy
25
functions of uterus
- sit of implementation, not an embryo until it implants in uterus
- supports and protects developing embryo/fetus
- ejects fetus during labour, contracts and send fetus down birth canal
- collagen, reticulin and elastic fibers
26
ectopic pregnancy
- when embryo implants somewhere other than uterus
| - can be life threatening
27
regions of uterus
- fundus
- body
- isthmus: where it lunches and starts to taper
- cervix: tissues that turns itself over and replicates very quickly, terminal point of uterus, transition between vagina and uterus, takes skin samples during PAP
28
support of uterus
- muscles of pelvic floor: lines perineum, very thick
- round ligaments
- transverse cervical ligaments: cardinal ligaments, keeps cervix in position
- uterosacral ligaments: sacrocervical ligaments, connects back of uterus to sacrum
29
weakness of uterus support
- prolapse
- when uterus protrudes through vagina due to its mass
- life threatening
30
blood supply to uterus
- uterine arteries, which are branches from internal iliac arteries in inguinal region supply uterus
31
wall of uterus
3 layers
- perimetric
- myometrium
- endometrium
32
perimetrium
- outermost layer is serial layer of connective tissue
33
myometrium
- thick, middle tunic comprised of smooth muscle is going in all directions
34
endometrium
- mucosa composed of simple columnar epithelium and an underlying lamina proprina
- lamina propria is filled with uterine glands, which enlarge during uterine cycle
- functional and basal layer
35
endometrium functional layer
- stratum functionalists
- changes thickness during uterine cycle and is shed during menses
- under hormonal control
- thinnest at start, hits max thickness, pregnancy doesn't occur, corpus luteum stops producing progesterone and estrogen, stratum functionalis thins down and sheds
- cycle keeps repeating
36
endometrium basal layer
- stratum basalts
- deeper layer immediately adjacent to the myometrium and is permanent layer that undergoes no change during uterine cycle
37
uterine cycle
- average is 28 days
- controlled by estrogen and progesterone secreted by ovaries
- changes in ovary correlate with changes in endometrium
38
menstrual phase
- day 0-4
- functional layer is thickest and is shedding
- primordial follicle gets ready for ovulation
- low estrogen and progesterone
39
proliferative phase
- day 4-14
- functional layer at its thinnest
- follicle continues to develop
- thickness of functional layer is getting thicker
- high estrogen and low progesterone
40
secretary phase
- day 14-26
- functional layer at its thickest
- corpus luteum develops
- low estrogen and high progesterone
41
premenstrual phase
- day 26-28
| - corpus luteum regresses
42
vagina
- fibromuscular tube about 10cm that connects uterus to outside of body
- thin, distensible wall has 3 tunics: inner mucosa, middle muscular, outer adventitia
- opening of vagina is vaginal orifice
- near opening, folds of mucosa form a membranous barrier called hymen
43
hymen
- membrane that crosses most of vaginal orifice
| - can break very easily
44
mammary glands
- modifies integumentary glands that secrete breast milk
- lobes—> lobules—> secretory units called alveoli that produce milk
- lobules secrete milk fluid
- milk drains into lactiferous ducts
45
breast milk
- a complex mixture of proteins, fats, sugar for infant nutrition
- immune function that mother can pass on to infant
46
nipple
- cylindrical projection on center of breast
- has many openings from internal secretory ducts
- positive feedback loop
47
areolar
- pinkish/brownish pigmented ring of skin that surrounds nipple
48
lactiferous sinuses
- expansions of ducts as they approach nipple
- where milk is stored prior to release form nipple
- overflow can result in lactation
49
suspensory ligament of mammary glands
- support gland by attaching the skin of gland to deep overlying fascia of pectorals major muscle
