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Anatomy Midterm 3 > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Integument size

A
  • 7-8% of body weight

- 1.5-2 m2

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2
Q

layers of integument

A
  • epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium
  • dermis: dense irregular connective tissue
  • hypodermis: adipose connective tissue
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3
Q

integument functions

A
  • protection
  • prevention of water loss
  • temperature regulation
  • metabolic regulation
  • immune defense
  • sensory reception
  • excretion/secretion
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4
Q

epidermis

A
  • most superficial
  • avascular
  • keritanized stratified squamous epithelium (4-5 layers of distinct cell types)
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5
Q

keratin

A

water-insoluble protein

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6
Q

epidermal strata (layers)

A

deep to superficial

  • stratum basale
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
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7
Q

stratum basale

A
  • only one that undergoes mitosis
  • one layer of cells adjacent to dermis
    has keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells, and dendritic cells
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8
Q

keratinocytes

A
  • most abundant

- produce keratin to waterproof skin

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9
Q

melanocytes

A
  • long, branches cytoplasmic processes
  • produce melanin (black, brown, or yellow) that absorbs UV light to prevent DNA damage and reducing some forms of skin cancer
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10
Q

tactile cells

A
  • sense touch
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11
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • immunity
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12
Q

stratum spinosum

A
  • several layers thick
  • daughter cells from stratum basale
  • differentiate into non dividing highly specialized keratinocytes
  • may see a rare mitotic cell
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13
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • 3-5 layers of keratinocytes
  • cytoplasm filled with keratin filaments (grainy)
  • organelles begin to degrade
  • fully keratinized cells are dead but strong and water-insoluble
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14
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • thin, translucent region
  • 2-3 layers thick
  • only in thick skin (soles of feet and palms of hands)
  • cells lack organelles, filled with eleidin, a transparent intermediate product of keratin maturation
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15
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • most superficial layer
  • can be a few to 50 layers tick based on location
  • comprised only of dead keratinocytes (korneocytes)
  • slogged off by abrasion= dust
  • desquamation= when korneocytes detach, die, and fall of. the shedding of skin
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16
Q

epidermal skin colour based cells

A
  • melanin
  • hemoglobin
  • carotene
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17
Q

melanin

A
  • brown-black pigment produced by melanocytes
  • genetic inheritance
  • increases with UV light exposure
  • protects nuclear DNA
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18
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • blood pigment

- causes light complexions to look pink

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19
Q

carotene

A
  • yellow-orange pigment from food that builds up in the skin
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20
Q

What determines skin tone

A
  • by melanocyte activity not melanocytes number/density

- more active= darker skin and produces more melanin

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21
Q

nevus

A
  • localized overgrowth of melanocytes

- a mole

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22
Q

epidermal skin markings

A
  • nevus
  • hemangioma
  • friction ridges
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23
Q

hemangioma

A
  • proliferation of blood vessels
  • strawberry= in childhood, may disappear
  • port wine= in adults, may persist
24
Q

friction ridges

A
  • folds of epidermis/dermis on fingers, palms, soles, and toes for grasping
  • causes us to leave fingerprints
25
dermis
- deep to epidermis - vascular - 2 layers 1) papillary (superficial) 2) reticular (deeper) many collagen fibres contains blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle
26
papillary layer of dermis
- directly below stratum basal of epidermis - dermal papillae and epidermal ridges interlock to increase surface area between dermis and epidermis - dermal papillae contain capillaries that supply nutrients to avascular epidermal cells
27
reticular layer of dermis
- majority of dermis - comprised mainly of dense irregular connective tissue with large bundles of collagen fibers, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerves - collagen bundles help connect dermis to underlying hypodermis
28
lines of cleavage
- lines in deep dermis formed by orientation of collagen bundles - incisions heal faster when parallel to lines
29
innervation
- nerve fibers present in dermis
30
functions of innervation
- tactile receptors - control blood flow - control glandular secretion
31
blood supply
- epidermis: avascular - dermis: vascular - important in controlling body temperature - vasoconstriction & vasodilation
32
vasoconstriction & vasodilation
- constriction: narrowing of blood vessels to preserve core body heat - dilation: widening blood vessels releases body heat and lowers body temperature
33
hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
- deep to integument (not rly part of) | - areolar and adipose connective tissue
34
hypodermis functions
- protects underlying structures - stores energy - thermal isulation
35
structures that grow from epidermis
- nails - hair - glands
36
nails
- derived from stratum corneum - cells densely packed together filled with parallel fibers of hard keratin - nail plate has whitish free edges, a pinkish nail body, and nail root - nail body covers a layer of epidermis called nail bed - nail bed appear pink cause of underlying capillaries
37
nail body
- flat keratinized cells protecting digit
38
nail bed
- live epidermal cells under nail body
39
nail root
- region hidden by cuticle
40
nail matrix
- thickened newly growing part of nail bed
41
lunula
- white semilunar proximal area of nail body caused by thickened underlying stratum basale obscuring capillaries in dermis
42
hair
- column of keratinocytes growing from follicles deep in dermis or hypodermis - hair shaft, follicle, and subaceous gland
43
hair shaft
- exposed | - completely keratinized
44
hair follicle
- epidermal fold surrounding the hair | - wrapped in nerves
45
sebaceous gland
- secretes sebum into hair follicle | - moisturizes hair and skin
46
hair bulb
- swelling at bottom of follicle filled with dividing keratinocytes - increase in hair matrix causes hair growth - anchors hair root to dermis
47
hair papilla
- connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels below follicle that supports keratinocytes
48
arrestor pili
- involuntary smooth muscle attached to hair shaft | - responds to emotional states and cold temps by contracting, standing hair up, and producing goose bumps
49
functions of hair
- protection - heat retention - facial expression - sensory reception - visual identification - chemical signal dispersal
50
skin exocrine glands
sweat glands and specialized gland types
51
sweat glands
- produces watery solution | - eccrine and procaine sweat glands
52
specialized
- sebaceous: produce oily secretions - ceruminous glands: produce ear wax - mammy: produce milk
53
eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
- simple coiled tubular glands that secrete into a duct with a pore on skins surface - secretion is 99% water, clear, and controlled by nervous system - numerous on forehead, palms, and soles
54
functions of eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
- thermoregulation - secretion - protection
55
aprocine sweat glands
- simple coiled tubular glands that secrete into hair follicles around nipples (areolar), armpits (axillae), groin (pubic), and anus (anal) - secretion is thick, cloudy, proteins and lipids - leads to bacterial growth causing body odour (sweat itself doesn't smell)
56
sebaceous glands (holocrine)
- secrete oily sebum into hair follicles - lubricates hair and skin - relatively inactive during childhood - sex hormone at puberty cause secretions to increase significantly

Anatomy Midterm 3 (7 decks)

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