Femenism Flashcards
(12 cards)
Gender Socialisation & Inequality:
Liberal feminism
Traditional gender socialisation= cause of inequality
Agents of socialisation ensures that women are placed in subordinate roles and men in dominant. As women progress into adulthood, they gradually lose their status so the gender pay gap favours men.
House wife role ensures that they are less likely to progress to the highest positions.
Ann Oakley:
Main reason for subordination of women in the labour market is the continuing domination of the mother- housewife role for women.
A03- Hakim; disagrees, women choose to prioritise domestic life over employment, women who prioritise employment have the same chances of men, and do not experience significant inequality
Durram: Supporting Oakley
Even employed women still do ⅔ of the domestic labour. Domestic work results in inequality in the workplace
A03- Marx: women form part of the reserve army of labour.
Kane and Sanchez: Gender Inequality at Home and Work
Women experience gender inequality in both home and work.
At home- women perform domestic tasks and look after children; means that women are forced to place less priority on employment
As a result, women are found within part-time, low-paid jobs (sec labour market)
Barron and Norris; women are confined to the secondary labour market, characterised by low-paid, part-time jobs.
Abbott and Wallace: Women as a separate class
Gender inequality is so great that women are considered a separate class.
Women are exploited and oppressed by men.
Men use their collective power to ensure that society is run in their interests.
They seize most of the rewards and social privileges.
Supported by Marx; highlights class as a significant aspect of inequality.
Benson: Capitalism and Women’s Oppression
Capitalism benefits from an unpaid domestic female workplace; women socialise future workers to accept capitalism and patriarchy
Patriarchy is an ideological aspect of capitalism; transmits the belief that men are superior to women, the working class is fragmented. Focus on gender rather than their exploitation of capitalism. Real issue is capitalism, but gender is a distraction
Supported by Althusser ideological control into capitalist ideology, accepting inequality.
Duncombe and Marsden: Triple Shift
Inequality experienced due to this, more work than men
Delphy and Leanord:
Unlike men, women experience a dual burden of the home and workplace.
Disproportionate amount of work- benefits patriarchy
Walby: Patriarchy at work
Suggests that patriarchy exists in 6 structures;
Domestic
Employment
State policies- paternity leave
Male violence against women
Sexuality
Cultural institutions
Suggests that both private and public patriarchy exist; in both spheres women are disadvantages. Suggests that there are triple systems of oppression; class, race and gender
3 processes which maintain patriarchy:
Subordination: (socialisation) family, media, education= unequal relationships between men and women.
Oppression (accept patriarchy); men discriminate; women places in subordinate positions.
Exploitation; men exploit women labour especially in the home- unrewarded for work.
Connell:
Used factors such as employment, social relationships, and interests and hobbies, to identify 7 social classes:
Petty Bourgeoisie (e.g., self-employed)
Service Class (e.g., managers)
Routine Non Manual Class (e.g., lower grade clerical workers)
Working Class (e.g., manual workers)
Lower Managerial Class (e.g., low level management)
Ancillary Professionals Class (e.g., administrative professionals)
Small Employers and Own Account Workers (e.g., business owners)
Crenshaw: Intersectional Femenism
Gender inequality occurs at a number of intersections.
To explore gender inequality need to consider a broad range of factors which all overlap; these impact the power and oppression women experience in contemporary society.
These overlapping intersections demonstrate discrimination and privilege can be both empowering and oppressing depending on the characteristics.
Conclusion:
Highlights the significant inequality faced by females. Marxist feminism considers capitalism and how patriarchy may play a key role in this.
Fails to consider the positive roles of inequality and how this is ensures all roles are filled- value consensus means reward and status reflect value and contribution to society.
