Feminism Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Describe the origins of feminism and its key texts.
A
The origins of feminism are rooted in key texts such as Mary Wollstonecraft’s ‘A Vindication of the Rights of Woman’ (1792) and Harriet Taylor’s ‘Enfranchisement of Women’ (1851), which highlighted societal customs and legal constraints preventing women from entering the public sphere.
2
Q
Explain the main aim of the first wave of feminism.
A
The main aim of the first wave of feminism was to achieve basic rights and formal equality for women, ensuring that rules were fair and that all individuals could compete free from discrimination.
3
Q
Define liberal feminism and its foundational ideas.
A
Liberal feminism is based on classical liberalism’s ideas about human nature, freedom, and individuality, advocating for women’s liberation through the recognition of their rationality and capacity for education.
4
Q
How did Wollstonecraft argue for women’s education?
A
Wollstonecraft argued for women’s education by asserting that women, like men, possess the capacity for reason, and that real education would enable them to be autonomous and contribute positively to society.
5
Q
What is the significance of gender justice in liberal feminism?
A
Gender justice in liberal feminism emphasizes the need for equal rights and opportunities for women in intellectual, civic, and economic spheres (particularly crucial for Gilman), aligning with the liberal idea of equal moral worth.
6
Q
Describe the role of reformism in achieving gender justice according to liberal feminists.
A
Reformism was seen as crucial for achieving gender justice, particularly through winning the right to vote, which would allow women to influence laws and tackle discrimination; eg Civil Rights Act (1964) and Equality Act (2010).
7
Q
Explain the contemporary directions in liberal feminism.
A
Contemporary liberal feminists recognize that equal rights and anti-discrimination laws alone are insufficient, advocating for affirmative action measures to address historical gender discrimination.
8
Q
What examples illustrate affirmative action in liberal feminism?
A
Examples of affirmative action in liberal feminism include the use of all-women shortlists by political parties like Labour to address gender imbalance and the expansion of affirmative action in the USA to include women.
9
Q
Define Marxist feminism and its perspective on oppression.
A
Marxist feminism views capitalism as the root cause of women’s oppression, arguing that class oppression is the most universal form of oppression, as articulated by Friedrich Engels.
10
Q
How did Engels describe the shift in family structure related to oppression?
A
Engels described the shift from matrilineal family structures to patriarchal ones, where men took command in the home, marking a significant change in the dynamics of oppression.
11
Q
Describe the relationship between private property and the institution of marriage according to Marxist feminists.
A
Marxist feminists argue that marriage is an institution built on exploitation, where men are seen as property-owning bourgeois and women as property-less proletarians, leading to women’s degradation and servitude.
12
Q
Explain the role of reproductive labor in Marxist feminist theory.
A
Marxist feminists contend that reproductive labor should be recognized as productive and fairly compensated, or socialized, to allow women to participate fully in the workforce.
13
Q
How do radical feminists differ from Marxist feminists in their view of women’s oppression?
A
Radical feminists argue that patriarchy, rather than capitalism or private property, is the root cause of women’s oppression.
14
Q
What is the significance of Kate Millett’s work in radical feminism?
A
Kate Millett’s ‘Sexual Politics’ was integral to radical feminist thought, focusing on how patriarchy supports masculine authority in both family and wider culture.
15
Q
Define patriarchy in the context of radical feminism.
A
Patriarchy is described as a pervasive system of control and dominance by men over women, viewed as the most universal and damaging form of oppression.
16
Q
What does the phrase ‘the personal is the political’ mean in radical feminist theory?
A
This phrase signifies that personal experiences of women, such as those related to their bodies and domestic lives, are deeply intertwined with political and social structures of oppression.
17
Q
How do radical feminists view the distinction between sex and gender?
A
Radical feminists recognize sex as a biological distinction and gender as a socially constructed distinction, emphasizing that gender roles are imposed on women; biology is not oppressive, but the way men have constructed gender to control women is.
18
Q
Explain the concept of femininity as a social construct according to radical feminists.
A
Radical feminists argue that femininity is constructed and imposed on women, creating expectations and restrictions on their behavior that vary across cultures and time.
19
Q
What traits are associated with masculinity and femininity in the context of gender socialization and radical feminism?
A
Masculine traits like competitiveness and assertiveness are seen as superior to feminine traits like passivity and submissiveness, which justifies male dominance.
20
Q
Describe the process of gender socialization in childhood as explained by radical feminists.
A
Gender socialization occurs through family and wider culture, teaching children the social rules and expectations associated with their assigned gender.
21
Q
What is the radical feminist perspective on reforming patriarchy?
A
Radical feminists believe that patriarchy cannot be reformed and must be completely uprooted through revolutionary means.
22
Q
Describe the six structures identified by Sylvia Walby that form the system of patriarchy.
A
The six structures are: the state (legal and political limitations on women’s representation), the household (housework as a woman’s primary role), culture (expectations around motherhood and the beauty myth), sexuality (virginity and monogamy expectations), work (women in part-time or lower-paid roles), and violence (domestic abuse being a private issue).
23
Q
Explain the divide between equality feminists and difference feminists.
A
Equality feminists view patriarchy as a male-imposed construction that must be removed for sexual equality, emphasizing similarities between men and women. Difference feminists acknowledge biological and psychological differences between genders and argue for a woman-centered approach, believing that seeking equality may undermine women’s unique identities.
24
Q
How do equality feminists propose to liberate women from patriarchy?
A
Equality feminists suggest that women should have control over their bodies, including reproductive choices, and advocate for socialized childcare to relieve domestic responsibilities. They also encourage women to explore their sexuality freely and to embrace androgyny.
25
Define the concept of cultural feminism as proposed by difference feminists.
Cultural feminism advocates for women to create a women-centered culture, rejecting male definitions of gender and defining femininity independently of men. It emphasizes the importance of discovering a true feminine self based on women's values.
26
What is the significance of the 'beauty myth' in the context of patriarchy?
The 'beauty myth' is a pervasive cultural expectation that women should prioritize beauty and sacrifice their careers for motherhood, contributing to the systemic control of women within patriarchal structures.
27
How do radical feminists view the solutions to patriarchy?
Radical feminists propose radical solutions, including a sexual revolution, to eradicate patriarchy, but they also reveal a divide between equality feminists and difference feminists regarding the approach to women's liberation.
28
Explain the role of the household in the patriarchal system as identified by Sylvia Walby.
In the patriarchal system, the household is seen as a domain where housework is considered a woman's most fulfilling role, and even if married women work outside the home, they are still primarily responsible for domestic duties.
29
Describe the expectations surrounding women's sexuality in a patriarchal society.
Women are expected to remain virgins until marriage, practice monogamy, and subordinate their sexual needs to those of their husbands, reflecting the control exerted over women's sexuality within patriarchy.
30
What are the implications of domestic violence being viewed as a private issue in patriarchal societies?
The perception of domestic violence as a private issue has historically kept it off the public agenda, allowing high levels of abuse to persist without adequate societal intervention or support for victims.
31
How do difference feminists view the concept of androgyny?
Difference feminists argue that the idea of androgyny is misplaced as it overlooks the significance of biological differences between men and women, suggesting that women should embrace their unique identities rather than conform to male standards.
32
Describe the solution proposed by female separatism.
Female separatism suggests that women must escape male-defined concepts of sexuality, such as heterosexuality, and instead define their own forms of sexuality through autoeroticism, lesbianism, or celibacy.
33
Explain the relationship between socialist feminism and the labor market.
Socialist feminism argues that women act as a reserve army of labor, working for low pay when needed, which keeps wages low and reinforces the idea that women are unreliable in the workplace.
34
Define the main critique of femininity propaganda according to socialist feminism.
The propaganda around femininity is designed to make the subordination of women to men appear 'natural', thus justifying their oppression.
35
How does socialist feminism view the relationship between patriarchy and capitalism?
Socialist feminism recognizes patriarchy and capitalism as separate but linked forms of oppression that must be addressed both separately and collaboratively through revolution for women's liberation.
36
Explain the key characteristics of postmodern feminism.
Postmodern feminism rejects grand narratives and emphasizes that there is no single explanation for the oppression of women, focusing instead on the differences between women and their unique experiences.
37
Describe bell hooks' criticism of earlier feminist movements.
Bell hooks criticized earlier forms of feminism for primarily representing the interests of white, middle-class women, sidelining the experiences of black women and failing to amplify their voices.
38
What is intersectionality and who coined the term?
Intersectionality, coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989, describes how overlapping systems of oppression create unique experiences for individuals based on multiple identity categories.
39
How does postmodern feminism view the definition of feminism across generations?
Postmodern feminism posits that there is no single way to understand feminism, and each new generation of women must define feminism based on their own experiences.
40
What does post-feminism claim about the achievements of the feminist movement?
Post-feminism claims that many objectives of the feminist movement have been achieved, such as women's employment, financial independence, and control over their bodies, suggesting it is time to move on from feminism.
41
Explain the perspective of post-feminism on female power.
Post-feminism encourages women to focus on their accomplishments and power, with some advocating for the use of sexualized bodies to dominate and manipulate, though many feminists view this as anti-feminism.
42
What is the main issue regarding human nature that feminists agree on?
Feminists generally agree that sex or biological differences are inconsequential to how women should be treated by society, emphasizing that gender is a cultural construct rather than a biological one.
43
How do most feminists view gender roles?
Most feminists reject the idea of fixed and inherited gender roles, arguing instead that humans are inherently androgynous.
44
Describe the perspective of liberal feminists on human nature.
Liberal feminists, such as Mary Wollstonecraft and Charlotte Perkins Gilman, view human nature as the same for both men and women, emphasizing that all individuals are rational, self-seeking, and independent, desiring autonomy and the pursuit of their own version of the good life.
45
Explain the main focus of Marxist feminists in terms of human nature.
Marxist feminists concentrate on economic equality between men and women, arguing that gender roles are constructed as part of capitalism to ensure women's roles in reproductive labor, which is essential for capitalism's functioning.
46
How do radical feminists view gender roles?
Radical feminists, including Simone de Beauvoir and Kate Millett, see gender roles and traits as artificially constructed and imposed on women to maintain male dominance through patriarchy, arguing that these roles are socialized to appear natural.
47
Define the stance of difference feminists within radical feminism.
Difference feminists, a subset of radical feminists, believe that biological differences between men and women are essential for understanding gender differences, and they argue that the quest for equality can be dangerous as it may lead women to strive to be like men.
48
What is the common agreement among feminists regarding the state?
All feminists recognize that the state has the potential to serve a useful purpose for women, and most agree that historically or currently, the state has been complicit in women's subordination to men.
49
How do liberal feminists view the role of the state in addressing discrimination against women?
Liberal feminists, like Wollstonecraft and Friedan, criticize the state for failing to adequately address discrimination against women, which perpetuates their subordinate role, while also advocating for the state to grant formal equality and access to education and work.
50
Explain the significance of the Civil Rights Act (1964) in relation to women's rights.
The Civil Rights Act (1964) in the USA is significant as it bans discrimination, thereby serving as a legal framework to promote gender justice in the public sphere.
51
Describe the argument made by Friedan regarding affirmative action policies.
Friedan argues that affirmative action policies should be implemented by the state to address past injustices and promote equality for women.
52
What do second- and third-wave feminists believe about laws and measures for women's rights?
Second- and third-wave feminists may agree that existing laws and measures are useful, but they contend that these do not sufficiently address the systemic oppression of women.
53
How do postmodern feminists view the intersection of gender with other identities?
Postmodern feminists see gender roles as imposed by society and recognize that gender intersects with class and race, leading to different experiences for different women, which helps to understand the broader oppression under patriarchy.
54
Describe Kate Millett's view on the state and its role in patriarchy.
Kate Millett identified the state as part of the problem, arguing that it promotes and sustains patriarchy.
55
Explain Sheila Rowbotham's perspective on the relationship between patriarchy and capitalism.
Sheila Rowbotham argued that the state serves both patriarchy and capitalism in their oppression of women.
56
How could the state use law to prevent oppression according to Kate Millett?
Kate Millett suggested that the state could use law more effectively, for example, by banning pornography, which she associated with power, cruelty, and dominance.
57
Define the concept of 'the problem that has no name' as identified by Friedan.
Friedan identified 'the problem that has no name' as the dissatisfaction women felt in their roles as wives and mothers, which left them feeling miserable and empty.
58
What is the main argument of difference feminists within the radical feminist movement?
Some difference feminists argue for cultural feminism, focusing on woman-centric culture and lifestyle based on female values.
59
Explain the tension between difference and equality feminists in radical feminism.
The most significant tension is between those who advocate for cultural feminism and those who support a form of separatist feminism, which seeks to create a society separate from men.
60
Describe Wollstonecraft's view on women's discrimination in society.
Wollstonecraft saw women as being discriminated against because society fails to accept their full humanity and rationality.
61
How do liberal feminists propose to tackle discrimination against women?
Liberal feminists believe that discrimination can be addressed through changes in law, which would lead to changes in attitudes and behaviors over time.
62
What is the difference in focus between liberal feminists and radical feminists?
Liberal feminists are interested in the public sphere, while radical feminists see oppression as extending across both public and private spheres.
63
Explain the radical feminist view on patriarchy as articulated by Millet.
Millet argued that patriarchy is pervasive across society, influencing religion, culture, the arts, media, education, family, and sexual life.
64
What does De Beauvoir mean by women being complicit in their own oppression?
De Beauvoir suggested that women are molded into their gender roles to such an extent that they view these roles as natural, thus becoming complicit in their own oppression.
65
How do socialist feminists view the relationship between capitalism and patriarchy?
Socialist feminists, like Rowbotham, see capitalism and patriarchy as interlinked systems of oppression that shape women's identities and roles.
66
What is the stance of second and third-wave feminists on the personal and political spheres?
Second and third-wave feminists argue that women's oppression is rooted in patriarchy and extends across both public and private spheres, encapsulating the idea that 'the personal is political'.
67
Describe the proposed solution by radical feminists to challenge patriarchy.
Radical feminists advocate for revolution to challenge and overthrow patriarchy.
68
What societal changes do liberal feminists believe will occur with women's full participation?
Liberal feminists believe that as women take full part in society, public values and social institutions will gradually change to end bias and discrimination.
69
Describe the view of bell hooks on patriarchy and its impact on women.
bell hooks saw patriarchy as the most important of wider systems of oppression, such as class and race, and criticized previous forms of feminism for their narrow focus on white, middle-class women.
70
Explain how patriarchy socializes men and women according to bell hooks.
Patriarchy socializes men to be dominators and women to see themselves as subordinate; ending patriarchy is seen as essential for freeing women and addressing a significant social disease affecting men.
71
Define the economic challenges faced by women as identified by feminists.
Feminists agree that women have been subordinated in the economic sphere through the gender pay gap, which results from women doing the majority of reproductive labor, being in low-paid jobs, and most senior roles being held by men.
72
How do feminists view the need for women's economic independence?
Feminists agree that women should be economically independent to combat subordination in the workplace.
73
Summarize Gilman's argument regarding biological differences in the workforce.
Gilman argued that in modern industrial societies, biological differences between men and women were of no consequence to their roles in the workforce.
74
What was Friedan's stance on state intervention in the labor market?
Friedan argued that the state had a responsibility to intervene to ensure there were no obstacles preventing women from competing fairly with men in the labor market.
75
Describe Rowbotham's perspective on women's oppression in the capitalist marketplace.
Rowbotham viewed women as oppressed in the capitalist marketplace, being seen as a cheap source of labor in low-paid jobs and exploited through unpaid reproductive labor at home.
76
Explain De Beauvoir's view on patriarchy and economic equality.
De Beauvoir saw patriarchy as the main issue but argued that achieving economic equality was part of a broader social revolution.
77
How does bell hooks connect capitalism, imperialism, and patriarchy in her analysis of women's oppression?
bell hooks argued that capitalism, imperialism, and white supremacy, combined with patriarchy, create oppression for all women, with experiences differing based on the intersection of race and class with gender.
78
What is the liberal feminist perspective on the public versus private sphere?
Liberal feminists see discrimination in the public sphere as placing women in subordinate roles but do not wish to challenge traditional family roles, viewing the private sphere as a realm of personal freedom.
79
Contrast the views of radical feminists with those of liberal feminists regarding the family unit.
Radical feminists see the family as the base unit of patriarchy, where unequal relations are normalized, while liberal feminists do not wish to challenge traditional family roles.
80
How do Marxist feminists view the relationship between the public and private spheres?
Marxist feminists reject the private/public split, seeing sexual inequality rooted in the public sphere of the economy that extends into the home and family unit.
81
What is the difference between androgyny and difference feminism?
Most strands of feminism support androgyny and the idea of difference-blind personhood, while difference feminists reject this, believing in clear biological differences between men and women.
82
Explain the significance of the distinction between sex and gender in feminist theory.
Feminist theory generally agrees that gender is a socially constructed idea, distinct from biological sex, and that men and women are conditioned from birth to internalize these gender roles.
83
Describe the role of reproductive labor in women's economic subordination.
Reproductive labor, which women perform predominantly, forces them into temporary, part-time, and low-paid work, contributing to the gender pay gap and limiting opportunities for promotion.
84
Summarize the views of Gilman, Wollstonecraft, and Friedan on women's access to work.
Gilman, Wollstonecraft, and Friedan all agreed that women should have access to work and that there should be equality of opportunity in the labor market.
85
What is the radical feminist perspective on the personal being political?
Radical feminists believe that personal experiences, particularly within the family, are political, as they reflect and perpetuate patriarchal norms.
86
Describe the main argument of separatist feminists.
Separatist feminists argue that male oppression and dominance are rooted in male essence, making it impossible for women to live in harmony and equality with men.
87
Explain the perspective of liberal feminism on gender equality.
Liberal feminism is rooted in individualism and advocates for formal equality, believing that discrimination against women in the public sphere arises from bias, ignorance, and socialization of gender roles, rather than a pervasive system of patriarchy.
88
How do liberal feminists propose to achieve gender equality?
Liberal feminists believe that social reform can create equal access for all in the public realm by ensuring fair rules and preventing systematic disadvantages due to discrimination.
89
What is the radical feminist view on the basis of women's oppression?
Radical feminists see the basis of women's oppression as patriarchy, which is rooted in the patriarchal family unit, and they advocate for collective identity and action among women to advance a cultural, social, and sexual revolution.
90
Define postmodern feminism's approach to oppression.
Postmodern feminism recognizes that oppression is rooted not only in gender but also in class and race, advocating for a revolutionary approach that addresses these interlocking systems of oppression through solidarity among different groups.
91
What does socialist feminism advocate for?
Socialist feminism calls for collective action and revolution to liberate women from patriarchy and everyone from capitalism, emphasizing the need for both economic and social/sexual revolution.
92
Is feminism considered a single doctrine?
Feminism is not a single doctrine; it starts from the belief that women are people and encompasses various beliefs, including the idea that women's subordination is undesirable and can be changed through political action, but there are significant disagreements among feminists.
93
Identify the two fundamental beliefs that unite feminism.
The two fundamental beliefs that unite feminism are: 1) Women have a subordinate role in state, society, and economy, suffering persistent injustices and systemic discrimination based on their sex. 2) The subordination of women is not desirable or permanent, and their roles can and should be changed through political action.
94
Who is Charlotte Perkins Gilman and what was her contribution to feminism?
Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a key thinker in feminism, known for her work 'Women and Economics' (1898), where she highlighted economic hurdles blocking women's progress and argued that gender roles are socially constructed rather than biologically determined.
95
Explain Gilman's view on the relationship between sex-relations and economic relations.
Gilman believed that sex-relations are also economic relations, and that women's lack of economic independence has historically limited their social progress and evolution.
96
What solution did Gilman propose for achieving true freedom for women?
Gilman proposed economic independence for women, advocating for centralized nurseries and cooperative kitchens to enable women to think and judge for themselves.
97
How did Gilman view the cultural roles assigned to women?
Gilman argued that the culturally defined roles of women as wives, mothers, and housekeepers were socially created and not based on biological differences, which kept women from sharing in societal progress.
98
What was Gilman's stance on humanity's ability to direct evolution?
As a reform Darwinist, Gilman believed that humanity could direct and control evolution through its own actions.
99
Discuss the impact of androcentric culture as described by Gilman.
Gilman noted that androcentric culture, characterized by male domination in various fields such as arts and humanities, reinforces women's domestic roles and limits their social progress.
100
Describe the impact of freedom and equality for women on society according to Gilman.
Freedom for women and equality between men and women would foster the natural growth of qualities and virtues that lead to true and lasting progress in society.
101
Explain Simone de Beauvoir's perspective on the oppression of women.
Simone de Beauvoir argued that the oppression of women is unique and lacks a historical starting point, exploring biological, psychological, and socialist analyses but ultimately seeking explanations in women's existence.
102
How does de Beauvoir differentiate between men and women in terms of freedom and nature?
De Beauvoir states that both men and women are free but subject to nature; men see themselves as the Self and view nature, which includes women, as the Other.
103
What role does menstruation play in de Beauvoir's analysis of women's oppression?
Menstruation serves as a constant reminder for women of their ties to their bodies, leading men to perceive women as part of nature and thus the Other.
104
Define the concept of the Self and the Other as discussed by de Beauvoir.
The Self refers to men who see themselves as the norm, while the Other refers to women, who are viewed as part of nature and a threat that must be controlled.
105
Explain the myth of femininity as described by de Beauvoir.
De Beauvoir argues that the essence of femininity is a myth because human beings do not have a fixed nature or essence; women are socialized into this myth through cultural expectations.
106
What does de Beauvoir mean by 'One is not born but becomes woman'?
This phrase suggests that femininity is not an innate quality but rather a social construct shaped by cultural and societal influences.
107
List the four strategies de Beauvoir proposes for women's freedom.
1. Women must go out to work. 2. Women must become intellectuals. 3. Women must exercise their sexuality as they see fit. 4. Women must seek economic justice and independence by transforming society into a socialist one.
108
Describe Kate Millett's contribution to feminist thought.
Kate Millett, a radical feminist, introduced the concept of 'sexual politics' in her 1970 work 'Sexual Politics', highlighting the subjugation of women in literature and art and advocating for feminist critique across all life areas.
109
What is the role of patriarchy in the oppression of women according to Millett?
Patriarchy is seen as a pervasive system that structures power relationships in every aspect of life, including education, work, family, religion, and sex, leading to the oppression of women.
110
How does Millett describe the family in relation to patriarchy?
Millett describes the family as a key institution of patriarchy, where men hold priority and marriage is viewed as an exchange of female domestic service and sex for financial support.
111
What does Millett suggest is necessary to overturn all systems of oppression?
Millett argues that to overturn all systems of oppression, the fundamental form of oppression—patriarchy—must be dismantled.
112
Explain the concept of sexual revolution as proposed by Millett.
The sexual revolution involves ending sexual inhibitions and taboos, abolishing the traditional family unit, achieving full economic independence for women, and redefining gender roles.
113
What does Millett mean by the socialization of care of the young?
Millett advocates for the socialization of care of the young as part of the effort to undermine traditional gender roles and the patriarchal family structure.
114
Describe the main argument presented by Sheila Rowbotham in her work, Woman's Consciousness, Man's World.
Rowbotham challenges capitalism and patriarchy, highlighting that the experience of being born a woman in a capitalist society is unique and not universal. She discusses how patriarchy predates capitalism and is rooted in the sexual division of labor and the ownership of women by men.
115
Explain how capitalism interacts with patriarchal structures according to Rowbotham.
Under capitalism, while bosses control the labor power of workers, they do not own the workers, which undermines the patriarchal notion that men own women. However, women are still limited to low-paid roles and remain economically dependent on men.
116
What role do women play in the workforce under capitalism as described by Rowbotham?
Women are often relegated to low-paid positions and are still responsible for childbearing and rearing, which perpetuates their economic dependence on men.
117
Define the term 'reserve army of labour' in the context of Rowbotham's analysis.
The 'reserve army of labour' refers to women who are underpaid and underprivileged in the workforce, serving as a flexible labor source that allows men to feel a sense of control in their homes despite their lack of control at work.
118
How does bell hooks define feminism in her book, Ain't I a Woman?
bell hooks defines feminism as 'the struggle to end sexist oppression', emphasizing the need to consider factors such as race and class alongside gender.
119
Discuss the critique bell hooks offers regarding Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique.
hooks critiques Friedan's work by arguing that the 'problem that has no name' pertains not to all women but specifically to a select group of college-educated, middle- and upper-class, married white women who sought more than traditional roles.
120
What does bell hooks mean by 'interlocking systems of imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy'?
hooks describes these systems as interconnected structures that promote injustice, exploitation, and oppression, with patriarchy being a key system that socializes both men and women to accept male dominance.
121
Identify the most marginalized group in society according to bell hooks.
According to bell hooks, black women are the most marginalized group in society, facing multiple layers of oppression due to race, gender, and class.
122
What is the proposed solution to combat patriarchy and oppression as suggested by bell hooks?
hooks advocates for acknowledging patriarchy as a problem and encourages collaboration across genders, classes, and races to effectively end all forms of oppression.
123
Explain the importance of inclusivity in the feminist movement as per bell hooks.
hooks argues that for the feminist movement to be impactful, it must be diverse and inclusive, giving voice to all women, especially those who are often overlooked, such as poor women and women of color.
124
What is the proposed solution regarding private property, capitalism, and family as an economic unit to achieve equality between men and women by Marxist feminists?
The solution is the abolition of private property, capitalism, and family as an economic unit; this would mean all adults would work, and therefore marriage and family would no longer be based on economic relations, leading to equality between men and women.
125
What is socialist feminism and who is it closely associated with?
Socialist feminism, closely associated with Sheila Rowbotham, emerged in the 1970s, looking to blend ideas of radical feminism with Marxist feminism, arguing that gender is construct of both capitalism and patriarchy to ensure that women are subordinate; hence equality required in an economic sense, as well as in family and personal life.
126
What did Sheila Rowbotham argue regarding equal pay and gender equality under capitalism?
Sheila Rowbotham argued that equal pay is a start but that it is impossible to see equality of men and women under capitalism; in fact, it is even impossible to see equal exploitation of women and men under capitalism, given the division of labor in the workplace and at home.
