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Ferrets Flashcards

1
Q

blood volume of ferret

A

50-60 mL/ kg

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2
Q

how much blood can you withdraw from ferret

A

<10 % blood volume: 5-6 mL/ kg

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3
Q

What gauge needle do you use in ferrets

A

25 or 22

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4
Q

what vein is most common

A

jugular: more lateral than in dogs/ cats

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5
Q

Cranial vena cava

A

dorsal restraint with forelegs pulled caudally and head/ neck extended
25 gu into thoracic between 1st rib and manubrium at 45 degree angle
direct needle toward opposite rear leg or most caudal rib and insert almost all the way to hub

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6
Q

venipuncture for small volumes (1mL)

A

lateral saphenou, cephalic vein, lateral tail vein, tail artery

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7
Q

get blood from tail artery

A

heat will promote vasodilation
dorsal restraint
topical lidocaine or prilocaine
ventral side of tail, groove along midline, artery 203 mm deep to skin

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8
Q

IV catheters

A

lateral saphenous, cephalic, jugular, tail vein

22-24 guage catheter

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9
Q

intraosseous catheters

A

lung small ferrets/ poor BP
proximal femur
anesthetize
20-22 gauge with 1.5 in spinal needle

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10
Q

robust erythron

A

higher Hct, Hgb and total RBC than dog/ cat

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11
Q

normal HCT:

A

46-61%

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12
Q

normal reticulocyte count

A

<10%

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13
Q

lymphocyte ratio range

A

1.7:1 to 0.7:1

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14
Q

urinalysis

A

low grade proteinuria

pH varies with diet

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15
Q

when would you administer a blood transfusion

A

PCV <25 %

thrombocytobepnic, ecchymosis, petechiation, bleeding

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16
Q

do ferrets have blood groups

A

no so there is little risk of transfusion raeaction

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17
Q

How much/ how long would you transfuse?

A

6-10 mL over 1-2 hrs

can do intraosseous or IV

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18
Q

Oxyglobin

A

can give 3 mL/ kg/ hr for 12- 15 mL / kg

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19
Q

GI system

A

carnivore GI with simple stomach

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20
Q

GI transit time

A

Short: 148-219 min

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21
Q

model for what human disease

A

gastric/ duodenal ulcers, gastro-esophageal reflux, gastric carcinoma and lymphoma, helicobacer mustelae, model to test anti-emetics

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22
Q

intestines

A

jejunoileum: no differentiation between jejunum and ileum, ends at ascending colon
no cecum
cervical vegas stimulation will affect intestinal motility

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23
Q

dental dz

A

similar to cats
middle/ older ferrets
tarter, gingivitis, periodontal dz
broken canines

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24
Q

Gastric ulceration

A

variable etiologes, actue FB, toxins
renal
helicobacter

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25
Helicobacter gastritis
endemic in most commercially-produced ferrets asymptomatic carriers stress/ dz may factor clinical signs: bruxism, ptyalism, anorexia, chronic weight loss, melena, blood tinged vomiting
26
Helicobacter gastritis Dx
fecal occult blood, regenerative anemia difficult to culture and is endemic pyloric or duodenal mucosal biopsy warthin-starry stain
27
helicobacter gastritis Tx
antibiotics, proton pump inhibitor, mucosal protectancts, H2 receptor agonists metronidazole and amoxicillin OR clarithromycin sucralfate bismuth subsalicilate famotidine or ranitidine
28
epizootic catarrhal enteritis
corona virus
29
proliferative bowel disease
campylobacter or lawsonia intracellularis
30
Inflammatory bowel dz
lymphoblastic, multiple causes, food allergies (grain,), prednisone (use cautiously in ferrets), azothiaprine and metronidazole (both immunosuppressive)
31
Viral diarrhea: Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis
profuse, mucoid, green slime diarrhea, older ferrets susceptible, younger are carriers lethargy, dehydration, anorexia mortality low with tx- mainly focussing on hydration antibiotics for secondary infection
32
Respiratory anatomy in ferrets
cone shaped thoracic cavity with 14 ribs and 9 sternebrae lungs go from 1-10th ICS left lung: cranial and caudal lobes Right lung: cranial, middle, caudal, accessory
33
influenza
only species susceptible to human flu Clinical signs: photophobia, catarrhal nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, pyrexia, anorexia, malaise, swallowing efforts Tx: supportive antihistamines, cough suppressants, prophylactic antibiotics
34
bordatella bronchiseptica and pasteurella multocida
bordatella responds poorly to antibiotics, bronchicine killed vaccine Tx: TMS, chloramphnicold
35
Canine Distemper
fatal dz progression: 12-42 days transmission: direct contact, fomites, aerosolization of urine, feces, nasal exudate immunosuppressive: can survive respiratory phase and then succumb to neurologic stage within weeks must vaccinate!!! 6, 10, 14 weeks old and annually
36
Canine distempor clinical signs
anorexia, pyrexia, chin dermatitis, phhotophobia, nasal/ ocular discharge, brown crusts on face bronchopnemonia, hyperkeratosis of planum nasal and foot pads, CNS signs
37
Canine distemper histopath
eosinophilic viral inclusion bodies found in bladder, renal pelvis, biliary epithelium non-suppurative encephalitis with demyelination
38
heart worm
dyspnea, cough, pale mm, lethargy, anorexia muffled heart sounds or low grade murmur, enlarged heart, pulmonary congestions, pleural effusion, ascites Dx: echo, snap IDEXX test or dirocheck (false negatives) Tx: thiacetarcemide or ivermectin with steroids prevention: heartguard, revolution for cats
39
why are snap tests not good for heart worm
snap tests are for female antigens and due to small amounts in ferrets and cats can sometimes be one sex so hard to test
40
what should always be a differential for nasal discharge
dental disease tooth root abscesses do dental/ skull rads
41
paroxysmal sneezing
dust spider webs, inhale particulate matter
42
urinary tract obstruction/ urolithiasis tx
urinary catheter, fluids, surgery, perineal urethrotomy diet change (not cat food), antimicrobiall therapy EMERGENCY
43
what is urethral blockage a common sequelae for
adrenal dz
44
hyperestrogenism
tx: HCG injections ferrets are seasonally polyesters and induced ovulates if intact their season is march-sept. females can develop estrogen toxicity and bone marrow suppression if not bred
45
prostatic dz
often secondary to adrenal dz and can lead to urethral obstruction tx: tx adrenal dz, antibiotics, drainage of infected fluid, surgical de-bulking when needed
46
Cutaneous Neoplasia
mast cell and basal cell tumors: only in skin do not typically metastasize can be itchy, bleed, appear ulcerated prognosis good fibrosarcoma, sebaceous gland adenoma do metastasize
47
Dermatophytosis
microsporum canis and trichophyton metagrophytes direct contact transmission self limiting lesions secondary pyoderma Tx: iodine or chlorhexidine, griseofulvin, disinfect environment
48
Sarcoptes scabiei
generalized on face, pinna and venture localized on paws, nails and toes Dx: skin scrape Tx: ivermectin or lyme sulfur dips
49
Otitis media/ interna
pasteurella multocida Dx: rads Tx: enrofloxacin systemic and topical (baytril or gentamycin) or chloramphenicol flush ears with saline (anesthesia)
50
Neurologic distemper
end stage progresses to naso-ocular exudate, hyperkeratosis of foot pads, then neurotropic phase, excess salivation, muslce tremors, convulsions, coma grave prognosis vaccinate!
51
Rabies
ascending paralysis, ataxia, cachexia, fever, hyperactivity, bladder atony, tremors, paresthesia prevention: modified live vaccine
52
Adrenal gland dz
adenoma, adenocarcinoma, adrenocarcinoma hyper secretion of sex hormones, DHEA, estradiol, progesterones most develop
53
what testing can you do for adrenal dz
can't use ACTH stim or dexamethasone suppression urinary cortisol:creatinine is not a specific indicator serum concentrations of steroid hormones are most reliable for diagnosing adrenal dz: done in Ten
54
clinical signs of adrenal dz
symmetric alopecia, pruritis, erythema, sexual behaviors, vulvar enlargement, bone marrow toxicity (hyperestrongenism in females), urinary obstruction (males)
55
why is right adrenalectomy harder than left
near vena cava and caudate lobe of liver
56
Medical tx of adrenal dz
leuprolide acetate monthly depot infections | GnRH agonist, stimulates LH/ FSH
57
Surgical tx for adrenal dz
surgical adrenalectomy surgery and leupron recurrence likely on other gland controllable/ not curable
58
insulinoma
beta cell tumor of pancreas that causes hyper secretion of insulin clinical signs: decreased activity, weightless, difficult arousal from sleep, hypothermia, ptyalism, mental dullness, tremors, collapse Dx: blood glucose <70 mg/ dL
59
Insulinoma Tx
prednisone: blocks peripheral uptake of glucose and increasing hepatic gluconeogenesis surgical: nodulectomy or partial pancreatectomy
60
lymphoma
young acute onset rapidly progressive multi-centric distribution involving hematopoietic and lymphatic tissues, lung, kidney older ferrets become chronic and have better survival
61
Lymphoma Clinical signs
anorexia, weight-loss, lethargy mediastinal lymphoma-dyspnea, coughing, regurgitation GI or abdominal: emesis, diarrhea, tenesmus, splenomegaly Dx: biopsy Tx: surgery, chemo, steroids
62
Chordomas
originate from original notochord round smooth mass on tail tip slow growing but can metastasize tx: surgical removal, tail amputation
63
Aleutian Dz
aerosolization of virus particles or contact with urine, feces, saliva, blood immune mediated disorder characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia clinical signs: chronic weight loss, cachexia, malaise, melena, posterior paresis dx: clinical signs, hypergamaglobulinemia on electrophoresis tx: none
64
Cardiac Dz
cyanosis, tachypnea, increased CRT, jugular dissension or pulses, abnormal femoral pulses, tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, left/ right sided murmurs, gallop rhythm, pulmonary crackles, ascites Rads: globoid heart, pleural effusion, pulmonary venous congestion, diffuse interstitial pattern, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites
65
DCM
most common tx: alter heart rate, preload, after load and contractility digoxin, nitroglycerine, ACE inhibitors (enalapril)
66
HCM
improving diastolic fcn | beta adrenergic blockers (propranolol), calcium channel blockers (diltiazem)
67
splenomegaly
incidental primary: lymphoma, neoplasia, ADV Secondary: insulinoma, adrenal dz, cardiac dz, dental dz

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